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Biomedical subjects

L Munro

Publications and source records attributed to L Munro.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in a methadone maintenance population.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a group of patients who had recently entered a methadone maintenance programme. METHOD: A total of 62 patients were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) within 6 months of commencing methadone maintenance. The CIDI was used to establish symptoms of psychiatric illness at interview and in the 12 months prior. RESULTS: In the 12 months prior to interview, 76% of the sample fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for a psychiatric disorder other than substance-use disorder. Over half of the group interviewed fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for an affective disorder, two-thirds fulfilled criteria for an anxiety disorder and just under half fulfilled diagnostic criteria for both an affective disorder and an anxiety disorder in the 12 months prior to interview. At the time of interview, 19% fulfilled ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for a moderate or severe affective disorder. Seventy per cent of males and 89% of females interviewed had a comorbid psychiatric illness. In 71% of the group who had a comorbid psychiatric illness, the onset of psychiatric symptomatology was reported to predate the use of heroin. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder is up to 10 times higher in the population on methadone maintenance than in the general population and is two to three times higher than that found in community surveys of those with a substance-use disorder. These results are consistent with earlier findings and have implications for service planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Assessing occupational stress in psychiatric nurses using the full job strain model: the value of social support to nurses.

The present research examined the effects of occupational stress in psychiatric nursing on employee well-being using the full Job Strain Model. The Job Strain Model was assessed for its ability to predict employee well-being in terms of job satisfaction and mental health. The original Job Strain Model was expanded to include social support based on previous research concerning the impact of social support on well-being. In the present study, both work support and non-work were assessed for their contribution to well-being. The results of this study indicate that the full Job Strain Model can be used to significantly predict job satisfaction and mental health in this sample of Australian psychiatric nurses. Furthermore, social support was shown to be an important component of the Job Strain Model.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Elevated intracranial pressure masks hemorrhagic hypotension in a canine model.

Previous clinical studies of blunt trauma patients with severe brain injuries have demonstrated that emergency department vital signs failed to consistently identify life-threatening abdominal injury. One hypothesis to explain this is that bradycardia and systemic hypertension from brainstem injury (the Cushing response) may mask the tachycardia and hypotension ordinarily manifested by hemorrhagic hypovolemia. This would result in inappropriately normal or near-normal emergency department vital signs for otherwise clinically apparent hypovolemia. To test this hypothesis, splenectomized dogs (n = 9) were phlebotomized to a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 60 mm Hg. Subsequently, intracranial pressure (ICP) was artificially elevated in a controlled, incremental fashion. From a mean SBP of 58.4 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at a baseline ICP of 8.1 +/- 4.2 mm Hg, increases in ICP of only 20 mm Hg significantly raised SBP (in some animals). When ICP reached 70 mm Hg, mean SBP reached 95.1 +/- 8.7 mm Hg (p < 0.001) in spite of profound hemorrhagic hypovolemia. In all subjects, the tachycardia that accompanied hypovolemia tended towards normal with incremental increases in ICP. However, this did not reach statistical significance. In response to elevations in ICP, this hypovolemic canine model displayed normalization of SBP with variable changes in heart rate. These changes could mask hemorrhagic hypotension in humans sustaining multiple system trauma. These experimental data support clinical studies advocating immediate definitive abdominal evaluation in unconscious blunt trauma patients, regardless of vital signs.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1979

The principles of tomographic positioning with particular reference to skull tomography.

Because the principles of tomography relating to positioning have not been clearly understood it has generally been the practice to employ only basic positions when undertaking tomographic studies. The purpose of this paper is to outline tomographic positioning principles, and to integrate them in a simple positioning system for common usage. This has given rise to the need for a completely new set of technical terms which pertain to positioning for skull tomography. It is hoped to establish an understanding which will enable the radiographer to devise methods of demonstrating structures for which there are no text book references to act as a guide, and to assist the radiologist in the recognition of pseudo-shadows.

Ear, External↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical care nursing education at the baccalaureate level.

Traditionally, only experienced nurses were selected to work in critical care. New graduates, however, are being hired for practice in critical care units despite controversy over the suitability of this setting for beginning practitioners. In this article, the authors describe the development of an undergraduate course in critical care nursing, outcomes of the course, teaching strategies used in both classroom and clinical settings, and effects of the course on the new graduate's practice.

Critical Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An international nursing course. The health system, England.

As nurse educators look to the curricula of the 21st century, there is growing interest in developing for students a global understanding of health care as practiced in other countries. At Loyola University, Chicago, an elective course provides an opportunity for students to study in England, a country whose system of health care differs significantly from that of the United States. This course is available to both graduate and undergraduate nursing students, including registered nurses who are studying in a degree-completion program. It is planned and conducted in collaboration with the European Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (formerly the Frances Harrison College of Nursing and Midwifery) located in Guildford, Surrey.

Chicago↗