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Biomedical subjects

L N Martin

Publications and source records attributed to L N Martin.

89 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Social and reproductive behaviors in surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

A colony of 16 surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys was observed for the adequacy of social and reproductive behaviors at maturity. Aside from some self-directed abnormalities centering around nonnutritive orality, this group was behaviorally normal in spite of having no contacts with mother-reared, older conspecifics. Half (N=5) of the females gave birth, with four infants viable. One infant has remained with the colony and is thriving. The other three remained with the group for as long as 42 days before death or removal. Maternal care appeared adequate. Mean estimated conception age for females was 35 months, and the mean impregnation age for males was estimated to be 42 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effects of anti-IgD on serum immunoglobulins, antibody production, and immunoglobulin-bearing cells in adult rats.

Rabbit anti-rat IgC (delta-specific) injected subcutaneously into adult rats resulted in hypergammaglobulinemia, increased serum immunoglobulins, increased antibody production, and alterations in the percentages of PBL expressing IgD and IgM. Serum IgM, IgG2a and IgG2c concentrations were increased 100%, 125%, and 200%, respectively, over controls, whereas IgA levels were not altered. Increases in the serum immunoglobulins were predominately due to an increase in antibodies to the rabbit serum components. A depletion of IgD-IgM bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was observed after 24 hr of injection. Percentages of IgC-IgM bearing lymphocytes returned to normal by day 4 and were significantly increased (approximately 2-fold) by day 8. The in vivo effects of anti-delta in rats were similar to those reported in the monkey. Possible modes of action of the anti-delta and the significance of these results in relation to the biologic function of membrane IgD are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Herpesvirus saimiri-induced lymphoproliferative disease in howler monkeys.

Four of 5 howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) experimentally infected with Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) developed a rapidly fatal malignant lymphoma accompanied by peripheral T-cell lymphocytosis. HVS was isolated from fresh and tissue cultured blood and tissue lymphocytes and from cell cultures derived from nonlymphoid organs. Humoral antibodies against HVS-induced antigens were detected in the sera of the animals. The in vitro response of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulants was depressed following HVS infection.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1977

Lymphocyte surface IgD and IgM in Macaca monkeys: ontogeny, tissue distribution and occurrence on individual lymphocytes.

A proportion of lymphocytes in blood, spleen and lymph nodes of nonhuman primates had immunoglobulin on their surfaces detectable by fluorescent antibody to human IgM and IgD. The majority of the individual lymphocytes having either IgM or IgD on their surfaces possessed both classes of immunoglobulin. Lymphocyte surface IgD was capped independently of surface IgM on the same cell when incubated at 37 degrees with anti-IgD. Lymphocytes with surface IgM and/or IgD were present in blood at birth and the percentages over the first 6 months of life were increased compared to older monkeys. A corona of cells faintly positive for both IgM and IgD was observed around germinal centres of both lymph nodes and spleen.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Herpesvirus saimiri-induced malignant lymphoma in rabbits.

Of 9 New Zealand White rabbits inoculated at multiple sc and im sites with a single dose of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), 2 developed malignant lymphomas 40-50 days post inoculation. At least 1 animal developed a terminal leukemic phase of the disease. HVS was isolated from the oral and conjunctival swabs and blood and tissue lymphocytes, but not from monolayer cell cultures derived from kidney or lung tissues of the diseased animals. The inoculated rabbits developed low titers of neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Antibodies against HVS specific early and late antigens were not detected in the sera of 7 animals that failed to develop clinical disease, but were detected in the serum of the 1 rabbit with lymphoma. The immunologic response of rabbits to HVS infection was compared to similar responses in infected nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Secretory immunological system of fowl. V. The gallbladder: an integral part of the secretory immunological system of fowl.

The concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgY were measured in gallbladder (GB) bile and serum from chickens of various ages. The ontogeny data suggested that IgA and IgY were synthesized by the GB. Furthermore, the chicken GB becomes lymphoid 3-8 days post-hatch and contains distinct foci of lymphocytes by 7 weeks of age. That the GB can synthesize and secrete IgA was shown in two ways. IgA-containing cells were demonstrated by immunofluorescence and in vitro studies with adult GB explants showed the synthesis and secretion of IgA and also IgY and IgM. Immunoglobulin class suppression experiments and quantitation of IgA in sera from selected sites supported the concept of synthesis and secretion of IgA by the GB. Several lines of evidence also support the concept of some bile IgA being derived from serum. Introduction of antigen directly into the GB was shown to stimulate antibody formation, and this antibody was detectable in bile and serum. A very unusual finding, in one animal, was the presence of a normal secretory IgA concentration in the presence of undetectable serum IgA. These data indicate that the GB is an integral part of the secretory immunological system and suggest that aberrations in GB-immune function may result in pathological clinical manifestations.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Lymphocyte surface IgD and IgM in non-human primates.

IgD was detected on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes of five non-human primate species by direct immunofluorescence. The percentages of lymphocytes with surface IgD or IgM were comparable to the percentages reported for humans. The presence of IgD on the surface of rhesus monkey lymphocytes was confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated 125I cell surface protein. Reduced surface IgD was resolved into a light chain component and a heavy chain component whose mobility was identical to that of mu-chain under the condition used.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

In vitro survival of howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) and other simian lymphocytes.

Lymphoid cell cultures from normal howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) lymph nodes or peripheral blood were found to survive for over four months. Several-fold increase in cell numbers occurred during the first two months of culture. The cells were predominantly of T-cell origin. Herpes or C-type virus or viral genomes were not detected in these lymphoid type cultures.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1975

Response to primary infection with Herpesvirus saimiri in immunosuppressed juvenile and newborn squirrel monkeys.

Immunosuppression of juvenile squirrel monkeys with combined azathioprine, prednisolone, and antilymphocyte globulin resulted in decreased antibody responses to viral antigens after primary infection with Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS). The virus was repeatedly isolated from the oropharynx of immunosuppressed monkeys but not from untreated infected controls. Thus immune factors are important in inhibiting shedding of HVS from the oropharynx. HVS could be isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of infected control monkeys but not from the lymphocytes of immunosuppressed monkeys. Immunosuppressed monkeys also had decreased percentages of lymphocytes capable of forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive agents had inhibitory effects on lymphocytes (presumably thymus derived) capable of being latently infected with HVS. Antibody responses in newborn monkeys infected with HVS were delayed compared with juvenile monkeys. Treatment of newborn monkeys with antilymphocyte globulin had no suppressive effect on antibody responses to HVS.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a worldwide epidemic, so the development of vaccines and antiviral agents effective against the causative agent, human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), is vital. This work would be greatly simplified if a suitable animal model could be developed. Here we report the isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus, STLV-III/Delta, from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with transmissible simian AIDS (SAIDS) and from asymptomatic sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). SAIDS was initially diagnosed in several macaques previously inoculated with tissue homogenates of mangabey origin. Western blot analysis of both the mangabey and macaque sera demonstrated the presence of antibody cross-reactive primarily with the HTLV-III proteins p24 and p61. In a related experiment, analysis of these same sera revealed simian antibody to STLV-III/Delta proteins similar, but not identical, to those of HTLV-III with estimated relative molecular masses (Mrs) of 16,000 (16K), 26K, 35K, 45K, 60K and 110K. Infection of the mangabey, an African primate, with an HTLV-III-related virus may provide a clue to the origin of HTLV-III in humans. The apparent difference in susceptibility to SAIDS-like disease between infected macaques and mangabeys suggests that these species may respond differently to STLV-III infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

SIV/DeltaB670 transmission across oral, colonic, and vaginal mucosae in the macaque.

The primary mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission worldwide is by exposure to the virus at vaginal, rectal, and oral mucosal surfaces. To understand HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission events at mucosal portals of entry, we used the SIV-macaque model to determine if mucosal surfaces function as barriers and select for particular viral genotypes. Rhesus macaques were inoculated intravaginally, intracolonically, intrarectally, or orally with the complex primary viral isolate SIV/DeltaB670. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, collected within the first two weeks postinoculation, were cloned and sequenced from all infected macaques. In the majority of the animals analyzed, multiple genotypes were identified, independent of the route of infection. These findings suggest that the mucosal barrier may play a minor role in the genotypic selection observed during sexual transmission of HIV and emphasize the need to evaluate the viral diversity present within the mucosal secretions of chronically infected individuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of SIV encephalitis in rhesus monkeys.

Necropsy records from 204 SIV-infected rhesus monkeys that had been inoculated with various strains of SIV and had died of SIV-related disease were reviewed. The relationship of SIV encephalitis with other parameters was evaluated. Encephalitis was associated with the presence of syncytial cells in other tissues, with persistent or early recurrent antigenemia, with a selective decrease in CD4+CD29+ blood lymphocytes, and with a shortened time of survival. Monkeys whose lymphocytes produced high levels of virus in culture also had a higher incidence of encephalitis. SIV was more frequently isolated from the brains of animals with encephalitis. No other clear associations were detected.

Animals↗