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Biomedical subjects

L O'Grady

Publications and source records attributed to L O'Grady.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

A herd health approach to dairy cow nutrition and production diseases of the transition cow.

This paper presents a practical, on-farm approach for the monitoring and prevention of production disease in dairy cattle. This integrated approach, should be used in an interdisciplinary way by farmers, veterinarians, nutrition advisors and other relevant professionals for the improvement of animal health and welfare and producer profitability. The key areas that form the basis for this approach are body condition score management, negative energy balance, hypocalcaemia, rumen health and trace element status. Monitoring criteria are described for each of these key areas, which when considered collectively, will facilitate the assessment of dairy cow health with regard to clinical and subclinical disease. The criteria, which are informed by published scientific literature, are based on farm management and environmental factors, clinical data, milk production records, dietary analysis, and assessment of blood and liver concentrations of various metabolites or trace elements. The aim is to review the efficacy of production disease control measures currently in place, and if necessary to modify them or formulate new ones.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of simvastatin and atorvastatin up to maximal recommended doses in a large multicenter randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: At higher doses, simvastatin has been shown to produce significantly greater increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I than atorvastatin. To extend and confirm these findings, a 36-week, randomized, double-blind, dose-titration study was performed in 826 hypercholesterolemic patients to compare the effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin on HDL cholesterol, apo A-I, and clinical and laboratory safety. PRIMARY HYPOTHESIS: Simvastatin, across a range of doses, will be more effective than atorvastatin at raising HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels. METHODS: A total of 826 hypercholesterolemic patients were enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, parallel, 36-week, dose-escalation study. Patients randomized to simvastatin received 40 mg/day for the first 6 weeks, 80 mg/day for the next 6 weeks, and remained on 80 mg/day for the final 24 weeks. Patients randomized to atorvastatin received 20 mg/day for the first 6 weeks, 40 mg/day for the next 6 weeks, and 80 mg/day for the remaining 24 weeks. RESULTS: During the first 12 weeks of the study, simvastatin increased HDL cholesterol and apo A-I more than the comparative doses of atorvastatin, while producing slightly lower reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. At the maximal dose comparison, simvastatin 80 mg and atorvastatin 80 mg, the HDL cholesterol and apo A-I differences favoring simvastatin were larger than at the lower doses. In addition, at the maximal dose comparison, the incidence of drug-related clinical adverse experiences was approximately two-fold higher with atorvastatin 80 mg than with simvastatin 80 mg (23 versus 12%, p < 0.001), due predominantly to a greater incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms with atorvastatin (10 versus 3%, p < 0.001). The incidence of clinically significant alanine aminotransferase elevations was also higher with atorvastatin 80 mg than with simvastatin 80 mg (3.8 versus 0.5%, p < 0.010), especially in women (6.0 versus 0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: At the doses compared in this study, simvastatin led to greater increases in HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels than atorvastatin. At the maximum dose comparison, there were fewer drug-related gastrointestinal symptoms and clinically significant aminotransferase elevations with simvastatin.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Coexistent Felty's syndrome and palindromic rheumatism.

Palindromic rheumatism is a syndrome of intermittent abrupt onset monoarthritis with asymptomatic intercritical periods of variable duration, which commonly evolves into rheumatoid arthritis. Felty's syndrome consists of leucopenia (selective neutropenia) and splenomegaly, usually occurring in longstanding classic rheumatoid arthritis. Felty's syndrome can be confused with the more recently recognised rheumatoid arthritis associated large granular lymphocyte proliferative disease. This paper describes a patient with palindromic rheumatism presenting with Felty's syndrome in whom large granular lymphocyte proliferative disease was ruled out by lymphocyte phenotyping.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1991

Quantitation of serum immunoglobulins G, M, and A in the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) using human monospecific antisera in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: developmental aspects.

Using human monospecific antisera, several parameters have been optimized for the micro-ELISA "sandwich" technique used in the quantitative measurement of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels in rhesus monkeys. Representation of the optical density as a four-parameter logistic function provided excellent fits of the data over a wide choice of dilutions of human antisera used for coating the ELISA plates and for the peroxidase-conjugated antisera used in the system. The micro-ELISA "sandwich" technique was shown to be specific, reliable, sensitive, and economical for use in the routine measurement of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels in the rhesus monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunotoxicity studies of PCB (Aroclor 1254) in the adult rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey--preliminary report.

The effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) on the immune system of adult female rhesus monkeys were investigated in a chronic study wherein five groups of monkeys (16/group) were administered (orally) PCB at levels of 0.0, 5.0, 20.0, 40.0 or 80.0 micrograms/kg body wt daily. Tests for immunotoxicity were initiated at 23 months of exposure to PCB, at which time the monkeys had achieved an apparent pharmacokinetic steady state based on the PCB concentration in fat and/or blood. A statistically significant (P less than 0.05) dose response reduction in antibody levels (IgG and IgM) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was observed following i.v. administration of three immunizing doses of SRBC at weekly intervals. A statistically significant decrease in the percent TH and an increase in the percent and absolute TS lymphocyte levels was found in the 80 micrograms/kg body wt group compared to the control. The TH/TS ratio was also significantly lower in the 80 micrograms/kg body wt group compared to the control. Other parameters investigated including percent of B-lymphocytes and total T-lymphocytes, total serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM and IgA), other serum proteins, glucocorticosteroid levels and lymphocyte transformation results following stimulation with the mitogens PHA-P and Con A were not affected significantly by PCB treatment. Additional immunologic parameters are currently being investigated to further elucidate the mechanism by which PCB induces immunotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Enumeration of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys prior to and following monocyte removal using a modified indirect avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique.

A modified avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique has been used to enumerate B lymphocytes, T inducer/helper (TH) and T cytotoxic/suppressor (TS) cells in the peripheral blood of normal and immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) prior to and following adherent-cell depletion. The levels of each of the B, TH and TS cells detected in the normal monkeys using monoclonal antibodies which recognized specific surface antigens on human lymphocytes were comparable to the levels reported in human peripheral blood using direct immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase or flow cytometry techniques. Adherent cell depletion did not result in a significant loss of any of the lymphocyte subpopulations examined. The technique is reproducible and sensitive in detecting differences between normal and immunosuppressed animals, and would prove to be useful in studies pertaining to chemical and drug immunomodulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on the humoral and cellular immunity of mice.

Sublethal doses (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg b.w./day) of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol; DON) were studied for their effects on humoral and cellular immunity and serum proteins of inbred, male Swiss Webster mice in a series of 4 separate experiments. Vomitoxin was added to basal diet (less than the detection limit, i.e., less than 0.05 micrograms of vomitoxin per g of feed) and administered to mice for 5 weeks beginning at 21 days of age. Mice in experiment 2 were fed the basal diet for 40 days in addition to the 5-week treatment with vomitoxin. The 1.00 mg/kg dose of vomitoxin resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the serum levels of alpha 1 and alpha 2-globulins, an increase in total serum albumin, and a reduction in feed consumption and body weight gain compared to the control group. The 0.50 mg/kg dose of vomitoxin resulted in significantly reduced serum levels of alpha 2- and beta-globulins while a significant reduction of feed consumption was evident only during Week 4. Similarly, body weight gain in this group of mice was significantly reduced during Week 2 but increased to normal levels during Week 3 and remained parallel to the control for Week 4 and 5. Both levels (0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg) of vomitoxin resulted in a reduced, dose-related, time-to-death interval following a challenge with L. monocytogenes and increased proliferative capacity of splenic lymphocyte cultures stimulated with the phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P) mitogen compared to the control group of mice. The 0.25 mg/kg dose of vomitoxin did not have any significant effects on the parameters studied. A reasonable estimation of a 'no effect' level for immunologic effects in mice based on these and previous immunological studies would seem to be between 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg b.w./day.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Effect of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on the humoral immunity of mice.

The effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol; DON) on the immune system were studied in groups of weanling male Swiss Webster mice administered by gavage 0.75, 2.5, and 7.5 mg of vomitoxin per kg body weight. Untreated controls and solvent controls (propylene glycol, ethanol, and distilled water in a ratio of 4:1:5) were also included in this study. Serum antibody (IgM) levels to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were significantly reduced in the treatment groups compared to the control groups. Plaque-forming cell (PFC) numbers were also lower in the treated groups compared to the control groups. Furthermore, vomitoxin at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in the albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and a decrease in the alpha-2 globulin fraction compared to the control groups. Administration of 7.5 mg/kg of vomitoxin resulted in deaths, due to toxicity, in all animals of this group within 3 weeks. These preliminary findings are indicative of a potential effect of vomitoxin on the immune system which could have serious implications to man.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Psychosocial functioning, life change, and clinical status in adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

Twenty-six adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. The mean overall scores placed the CF patients at the 30th percentile of a normative adolescent population. Eighty-five percent were at appropriate school grade level, 69% participated in physical education classes, and 81% had future plans for college and/or a career. Total Life Event scores of CF adolescents were not significantly different from the normal adolescent population. However, in 22 CF adolescents evaluated with a modified National Institute of Health Scoring System, negative Life Event scores were higher in 10 adolescents with moderate to severely impaired health status than in 12 with lesser impairment. This relationship was not modified by other psychosocial variables.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

Some observations of the hematopoietic status in vivo and in vitro on mice of genotype S1/S1d.

Studies on the mechanism of anemia in mice of genotype S1/S1d have implicated the hematopoietic stroma (the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment, HIM) rather than hematopoietic stem cells as the site of the defect. Using methylcellulose-supported bone marrow culture systems, we have observed, in addition to classical hematopoietic colonies, the formation of surface associated fibroblastic plaques that could stimulate hematopoietic colony growth. These plaques were hypothesized to be derived from bone marrow stroma precursors. In view of the reported stromal-based defect in S1/S1d mice, studies were initiated, using our culture system, to determine if abnormalities exist in the plaque-forming potentials of these mice. Relative to controls, bone marrow derived from S1/S1d mice exhibited a significant decrease in hematopoietic colonly-forming units in culture, but no differences were apparent in the absolute numbers of fibroblastic plaque-forming units or in the ability of such plaques once derived to stimulate hematopoietic colony growth when overlain with fresh normal bone marrow preparations. Quantitative studies on the bone marrow of the S1/S1d mice revealed a marked reduction in total nucleated cells per femur. The importance of evaluating the results of bone marrow cultures in an absolute (i.e., number of units per femur) rather than a relative (i.e., number of units forming in a constant cell inoculum) term was underlined by these studies.

Anemia↗