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Biomedical subjects

L R Phillips

Publications and source records attributed to L R Phillips.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Isolation and identification of beta-hydroxyethylaprophen: a urinary metabolite of aprophen in rats.

The metabolism of the anticholinergic drug aprophen was studied in rats after oral administration via stomach intubation. beta-Hydroxyethylaprophen, a major urinary metabolite of aprophen, was isolated and identified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electron ionization mass spectrometry. More than 22% of the parent drug was recovered and quantified over a 72-h collection period. Results show that 2,2-diphenylpropionic acid, another major metabolite of aprophen which lacks anticholinergic properties, was also isolated and identified in this study. Experiments are currently underway to synthesize and test the anticholinergic properties of beta-hydroxyethylaprophen in mammals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

The QUALCARE Scale: developing an instrument to measure quality of home care.

In previous research, the theoretical and methodological problems associated with operationalizing elder abuse have been multiple. The QUALCARE Scale was developed in response to the documented problems. The scale is an observational rating scale designed to quantify the quality of family caregiving to home-dwelling elders in six areas: physical, medical management, psychosocial, environmental, human rights and financial. The scale is a 53 item scale in a Likert type format. The QUALCARE Scale is completed by professional nurses after a nursing assessment of the degree to which the caregiver meets the needs of the elder in the six dimensions. The nursing assessment involves both observations and verbal data gathering. In this paper, the development of the scale and the methodological issues associated with scale development are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The QUALCARE Scale: testing of a measurement instrument for clinical practice.

This article continues the discussion of the theoretical and methodological issues associated with the use of measurement instruments in nursing such as the QUALCARE Scale. The QUALCARE Scale is an observational rating scale designed to quantify the quality of family caregiving to home-dwelling elders in six areas: physical, medical management, psychosocial, environmental, human rights and financial. This manuscript continues the discussion by reporting the psychometric properties of the scale. The QUALCARE Scale was tested in a descriptive correlational study with 249 caregiver-elder dyads. The results supported evidence of interrater reliability, internal consistency, and criterion and construct validity. Three issues in the use of measurement instruments in clinical practice are discussed: (i) quantification versus qualification, (ii) clinical relevance and (iii) the establishment of rating standards.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Causal modeling as a relevant approach to gerontological nursing.

Causal modeling involves the development of causal hypotheses to explain a particular phenomenon and the testing of causal assertions through systematic data collection and analysis procedures. Although more research is being conducted gerontological nurse scientists have generally failed to logically develop and systematically test theories that unify, organize, and consolidate knowledge into schemes that explain, describe, and predict. Causal modeling combines theory and research, and because the interpretation of data is possible only within the context of the proposed theory, it offers an important method for advancing the science while maintaining the specificity of the practice.

Causality↗
PubMed1989

Pain control and rational thinking. Implications for rheumatoid arthritis.

In this study, we examined the factor structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and studied the relevance of the coping process to health status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The 2 factors of the questionnaire that were analyzed were Coping Attempts and Pain Control and Rational Thinking. The Pain Control and Rational Thinking factor was related to pain and psychological status, even after demographic variables and disease severity were statistically controlled. In addition, increases in Pain Control and Rational Thinking scores were related to improvements in pain, psychological status, and health status. Implications for the psychological care of rheumatoid arthritis patients are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Electrochemically assisted fast atom bombardment negative ion mass spectrometry of quinones.

Several 1,4-quinones, including vitamin K1, have been examined by electrochemically assisted fast atom bombardment (EFAB) negative ion mass spectrometry. The resulting mass spectra of these substances show a significant increase in signal/chemical noise when compared to normal fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra. Additionally, the use of EFAB results in some control over the reduction processes normally associated with FAB mass spectrometry.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed1989

Developing and testing the beliefs about caregiving scale.

Four studies were conducted to refine and test a newly developed instrument designed to identify caregivers who are at high risk for providing poor-quality care to a dependent elder in the home: the Beliefs About Caregiving Scale (BACS). The BACS was tested for internal consistency, stability, and construct validity. Results suggest strong evidence for internal consistency and for construct validity using the multitrait method as well as moderate evidence for construct validity using predictive modeling. Although further refinements are required, initial tests suggest that the BACS is potentially useful for both research and clinical applications.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Age: a truly confounding variable.

As Hinshaw (1981) has noted, the process of designing research might best be conceptualized as a series of informed decisions that involve constant trade-offs and compromise. With each advantage gained by a particular theoretical or methodological decision, the researcher inherits a certain number of threats to the study's internal and external validity and a potential number of error sources. Because of the nature of the research questions of interest to nurses and because of situational and contextual constraints in the clinical setting, nurse researchers often are required to select samples that contain small or large proportions of elderly subjects. The purpose of this article has been to raise some of the theoretical and methodological issues associated with the selection of both age-heterogeneous samples and age-homogeneous samples. Although in research all possible error sources cannot be controlled, it is possible to reduce the amount of error by a clear understanding of the implications of choices regarding age-related issues and inclusion of design features that reduce the amount of error introduced when research subjects who are relatively young are studied along with research subjects who are elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Elder-family caregiver relationships. Determining appropriate nursing interventions.

Providing excellent care to elders involves more than the nurse's ability to minister to them; it is dependent on nurses' focusing assessment and intervention on the elder-caregiver dyad. Only by planning nursing care within the context of the dyad and considering the needs of the elder, the caregiver, and the unit, is it possible for nursing to realize its potential for improving the care of all elderly clients.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Pain management in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cognitive-behavioral approach.

To examine the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, three patient groups were studied: a cognitive-behavioral group (CB), an attention-placebo group, and a control group. The CB group received a comprehensive, 12-month pain management program that taught coping strategies such as problem-solving techniques, relaxation training, strategies for attention diversion, and training in family dynamics and communication. Dependent measures included pain, coping strategies, psychological status, functional status, and disease status. Data analysis at 12 months revealed benefits for the CB group in the area of enhanced coping strategies. Specifically, the CB subjects showed significantly greater use of coping strategies and significantly more confidence in their ability to manage pain. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of enhanced self-efficacy and personal control for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Injuries, absences, and visits to the nurse among children in alternative schools.

Previous research suggests ecological and programmatic characteristics of schools may influence the health and health behavior of schoolchildren. In particular, schools with alternative educational programs, such as "magnet" curricula and extended school hours, have been found to have a higher incidence of student injuries. To examine further the health correlates of alternative educational programs, the authors studied injuries, health office visits, and school absences of 983 elementary schoolchildren during the 1983-1984 academic year. The study population comprised students attending three elementary schools-two with magnet programs and one with a regular primary curriculum. All three had an option for extended school hours. The frequency of school absences was related significantly to school hours, with fewer absences found in schools with extended hours (p less than .01). Enrollment in a magnet school was associated positively and significantly with rates of both health office visits and injuries, even after adjustment for the effects of age, gender, and extended school hours (p less than .001). Finally, an interaction effect was identified in which children enrolled in both a magnet curriculum and an extended day program had substantially higher rates of health office visits than did children enrolled in either program alone (p less than .001). These findings confirm a disproportionate use of school health services for injuries and other health concerns among students attending alternative educational programs. Possible explanations include differences in student characteristics, adult supervision, or the family lifestyles of children in alternative schools.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1986

Alkyl phosphotriester modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides. V. Synthesis and absolute configuration of Rp and Sp diastereomers of an ethyl phosphotriester (Et) modified EcoRI recognition sequence, d[GGAA(Et)TTCC]. A synthetic approach to regio- and stereospecific ethylation-interference studies.

Protected deoxynucleoside 3'-O-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite reagents were prepared for use in the automated synthesis of ethyl phosphotriester (Et) modified oligonucleotides. The title diastereomers were separated by reversed-phase HPLC, and chirality at phosphorus was assigned by an improved configurational correlation scheme that was verified by NMR spectroscopic studies (accompanying paper, Part VI). This generally applicable correlation scheme involved enzymatic digestions of each diastereomer to give the corresponding diastereomer of d[A(Et)T]; phosphite triester sulfurization to obtain diastereomeric O-ethyl phosphorothioates, d[AS(Et)T], which were separated by HPLC for stereoretentive oxidation with H2O2 to give d[A(Et)T], and stereoretentive de-ethylation with PhSH-Et3N to give diastereomeric phosphorothioates, d[AST], whose configurations at phosphorus had been assigned previously. Neither the Rp-Rp nor Sp-Sp duplex, (d[GGAA(Et)TTCC])2, was cleaved by EcoRI endonuclease under conditions that led to cleavage of both the unmodified duplex, [d(GGAATTCC)]2, and the mixture of diastereomeric phosphorothioate-modified duplexes, [d(GGAASTTCC)]2. Cleavage of the latter substrates was Sp-selective.

Base Sequence↗