Biomedical subjects

L S Kahn

Publications and source records attributed to L S Kahn.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2003

Elevated prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia: mechanisms and related adverse effects.

The neurologic processes involved in schizophrenia are complex and diverse and the mechanisms through which antipsychotic agents exert their effects have been only partly elucidated. Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of treatment with many antipsychotics and is particularly associated with conventional ('typical') agents as well as the atypical antipsychotic risperidone. In contrast, other atypical agents introduced over the last decade do not elevate prolactin levels. This article discusses the regulatory mechanisms involved in prolactin secretion, the physiologic role of prolactin, and the etiology of hyperprolactinemia. Elevated prolactin levels may play important roles, both direct and indirect, in various pathologic states, including breast cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disorders, and sexual disturbances. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia may be associated with similar clinical manifestations; these are examined with particular reference to patients with schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Hormonal aspects of schizophrenias: an overview.

Although the lifetime risk and prevalence of schizophrenia are comparable for men and women, gender differences occur in various aspects of the disease, including age of onset, pathophysiology, symptoms, course, and response to treatment. These gender differences strongly suggest a key role played by gonadal hormones and their interactions with neurotransmitters. They may also suggest a key role for future applications of specific estrogens for improved treatment of schizophrenics.'Atypical' antipsychotics definitely improved the benefit/risk ratio of treatment of schizophrenic patients. However, they shift the reasons for noncompliance from extrapyramidal symptoms to hormonally related adverse effects, mostly weight gain and impaired sexual functions (which occur in men and women, but cause noncompliance mostly in men). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, and decreased bone mineral density, as well as some other adverse effects are more 'silent' but their long-term effects are detrimental. 'Hormone-friendlier' interventions might be needed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2001

Oral contraceptives and mood.

The past 40 years of research on the mood and behavioural effects of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) have yielded inconclusive results due to dramatic changes in the compounds and to methodological flaws inherent in studies undertaken to assess the effects of OCs. Since the late 1960s, the dosages of oestrogen and progestin in marketed OCs significantly declined and novel progestins were developed to deliver higher levels of progestogenic activity with a lower risk of adverse oestrogenic and androgenic effects. This review evaluates controlled, comparative studies that have focused on the efficaciousness of OCs as treatment for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and those examining whether OCs may cause negative mood. It is suggested that the mood and behavioural effects of OCs might be attributed to different progestin compounds and possibly, their oestrogen ratios. There is a great need for more longitudinal, randomised, placebo-controlled studies to further clarify the mood and behavioural effects of OCs.

Affect↗

PubMed2001

Role of estrogen in the aetiology and treatment of mood disorders.

Worldwide, the prevalence of depression in women is significantly greater than in men. Available data suggest that estrogen, or its absence, is strongly implicated in the regulation of mood and behaviour, as well as in the pathobiology of mood disorders. The multiple effects of estrogens and their complex interactions with the CNS and endocrine system have been well documented, although the specific, multifaceted role of estrogen in each dysphoric state has yet to be elucidated. Several facts suggest that estrogen plays a vital role in the precipitation and course of mood disorders in women. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression first appear after menarche, continue through reproductive age, and dissipate after perimenopause. Periods of hormonal fluctuations or estrogen instability (i.e. premenstrually, postpartum, perimenopausally) have been associated with increased vulnerability to depression among susceptible women. It is plausible that the phenotype of these depressions is distinguishable from those that are not associated with reproductive events or that occur in men. Based on current knowledge, estrogen treatment for affective disorders may be efficacious in two situations: (i) to stabilise and restore disrupted homeostasis - as occurs in premenstrual, postpartum or perimenopausal conditions; and (ii) to act as a psychomodulator during periods of decreased estrogen levels and increased vulnerability to dysphoric mood, as occurs in postmenopausal women. There is growing evidence suggesting that estrogen may be efficacious as a sole antidepressant for depressed perimenopausal women. It is still unclear whether estrogen is efficacious as an adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or as one of the paradigms to manage treatment-resistance depression in menopausal women, but such efficacy is plausible.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators--current and future brain and behaviour applications.

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds that act as oestrogen agonists on selected targets while being oestrogen antagonists on others. The main targets of SERMs are oestrogen agonist activity on bone metabolism and several functions of the cardiovascular system, as well as oestrogen antagonism in the breast and uterus. They are indicated for the treatment and/or prevention of breast and endometrial cancer, osteoporosis and coronary heart disease. The extensive documentation of the multiple oestrogen effects on the CNS, greater understanding of the mechanisms of action, and especially the discovery of a second oestrogen receptor with differentiated distribution and mechanisms, have all led the way to the possibility of specific CNS-targeted SERMs. The demonstration that oestrogen selectively improves cognition, delays the appearance of Alzheimer's dementia, improves the feeling of well-being, as well as the response to antidepressant medications, provides targeted CNS indications for SERMs. The CNS effects of the currently marketed SERMs are not sufficiently explored yet. However, in postmenopausal women, tamoxifen and raloxifene probably show the most oestrogen agonist CNS effects. In women of reproductive age, competition with oestrogen probably exists, resulting in antagonist effects. Activity in men is still mostly unknown. It is quite safe to predict that the recent accumulation of knowledge, combined with the large, thirsty anticipated market for these 'designer oestrogens', will lead to clinical trials of CNS-targeted SERMs in the very near future.

Behavior↗

PubMed1983

Serum immunoglobulins and uveitis.

Sixty-two percent of 975 uveitis patients had a statistically significant elevation in the levels of one or more of three serum immunoglobulins. The percentage of cases of above-normal values was greatest for IgM (43.8%), followed by IgA (34.0%), and then by IgG (11.9%). There was no statistically significant difference in immunoglobulin values obtained for one diagnosis as compared with all others, except for men with HLA-B27. They had a higher percent of elevated IgM values than men with all other diagnoses. Testing for immunoglobulins is of little or no value in the etiologic diagnosis of a single case of uveitis, but may be of value in research studies to better understand its pathogenesis.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Are women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder prone to osteoporosis?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine whether bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). METHODS: Thirty-eight healthy women participated: 20 with prospectively confirmed PMDD and 18 without PMDD. Bone mass was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at three sites: lumbar spine anteroposterior, lumber spine lateral, and femoral neck. Results from the PMDD and control groups were compared with each other and with age- and sex-matched normative data. RESULTS: The BMD of both groups was as expected for their age and sex, and groups did not differ in BMD or Z scores for any of the bone sites studied. CONCLUSIONS: If women with PMDD are at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis, this risk is not manifested in their BMD.

Adult↗