Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L S Vasilevskaia.
This is a account of the main stages of formation and development of streamline of investigation of physiology and biochemistry of the digestion of the Institute of Nutrition the Russian Academy of Medical Science setting in 1930 years present time.
The clinical study reflex of food specific dynamic effect food SDE reflex phase in various forms of obesity permit differential diagnosing and choosing of special diet therapy with the use of various biologically active food supplements.
The article presents the data about scientific theories of nutrition. It is showed the necessity of gastro-intestinal tract participation in metabolic substances, discovered by I.P. Razenkov.
In chronic experiment on dogs (3 dogs with Pavlov's miniature stomach, 3 dogs with Heidenhain's miniature stomach) the mechanism of action of alcohol (8%-150 ml) on gastric secretion was clarified. For this purpose the new inhibitor of gastric secretion--glycopeptide was utilized, which action was preset in laboratory of G.K. Shlygin. Was shown, that in effect of alcohol on gastric secretion take place the complicated mechanism including as a nervous regulation (vagus nerves), and humoral: participation of gastrin and histamine in secretory effect of a stomach, and also immediate effect of ethanol on acid glands.
The authors review data on recently discovered temperature response of deep skin layers to the meal. The reaction is of a reflex nature and is one of the mechanisms regulating heat exchange in the body. In healthy people this reaction is weak. In alimentary obesity, it becomes much stronger, probably due to impaired heat exchange because of accumulated fat. In obesity related to diencephalic syndrome skin reaction is similar to control. In this obesity, pituitory seems to lose ability to regulate circulation in the blood. The above reaction can be used as a test differentiating the two forms of obesity.
Effect of histidine on secretory activity of the stomach in the dogs was studied. Parenteral administered histidine caused great increase in gastric secretion stipulated by central action and mediated through histamine receptors. Histidine administered per os together with meat increased gastric secretion in some dog but in the other ones the response was absent. In dogs with stimulated gastric secretion the increase in histamine contents in gastric juice was found. Particular effect of histidine on gastric secretion should be taken into account when creating of amino acid mixtures for parenteral nutrition and in dietetics.
The peculiarities of action of He-Me (92% of sodium glutamate and 8% sodium inosinemonophosphate) on gastric and liver secretions was studied in experiments on dog with Pavlov's isolated ventricle and dogs with bile duct, taken out on the skin (operation by M. F. Nesterin). He-Me exerted promotional influence on gastric secretion provoked by pentagastrin increasing of secretion by 3-5 times with prolongation of secretion time. The gastric secretion in various stages (nervous, secretory, intestinal) was strengthened after adding of He-Me to dietary meat. In that way effect of He-Me on gastric secretion is the same as effect of sodium glutamate but effect He-Me more strong after oral intake. He-Me has also choleretic effect. The data allow to re recommend He-Me as diagnostic and therapeutic remedy.
Investigating the temperature of deep layers of skin and in the main of subcutaneous tissue in patients with obesity we found the close connection between changes of this temperature and food intake. In patients who are in postabsorptive period the intake of the small portion of test food (220 kcal) induces in 3-4 min a marked increase of the subcutaneous tissue temperature (often by 1.0-1.5 degrees C in comparison with the initial level). Further the temperature still rises some what and then keeps at increased level for 30-45 min. At the end of the treatment course of patients in the clinic (and the body weight loss by 10-14 kg) these changes of the temperature become much less intensive or do not quite manifest. The above thermic reaction is developed apparently as a result of the dilatation of blood vessels of the skin and filling the venous plexus with the arterial blood. Probably in depends upon the regulatory activity of hypothalamus which is directed on an increase of heat loss into environment.
Effect of middle chain triglycerides (MChT) on liver external secretory activity in comparison with butter was studied in dogs with bile duct taken out on skin. Fats containing MChT alone or in combination with meat cause increasing of volume of excreted bile in 2 times in comparison with butter. Concentration of bile cholesterol was increased in 1.5-2 times and colic acid in 1.3-1.5 times in comparison with control level. Such effects of MChT should be taken into account during preparation of baby food and and food for clinical nutrition.
The examinations showed the differences in bile secretion and biochemical composition of bile in patients with chronic alcoholism II and III stages (respectively 1 and 2 groups of patients). The patients of group 1 have hypotonic gall-bladder with normal or in some cases increased speed of bile secretion with low contents of cholic acid, cholesterol and bilirubin. A type of bile secretion in patients group 2 is hypotonic-hypokinetic with patterns of bile stagnation. Treatment of patients of group 1 by cholenzyme and patients of group 2 by enterosorbent cholysorb promoted normalisation of intestinal circulation of bile components. Cholenzyme is remedy of compensation therapy and cholisorb allows to remove the bile stagnation.
The authors report a potentiating effect of sodium glutamate on gastric secretion in subjects free of gastrointestinal diseases. Similar effect has been discovered in dogs. In subjects with gastric hyposecretion (chronic gastritis, functional regulatory disturbances) sodium glutamate combined with pentagastrin is a helpful tool in overall evaluation of gastric secretion. In achlorhydria is can be used for determination of a residual capacity of the stomach to secrete the hydrochloric acid in failure of humoral stimulators.
Radiothermometry-aided investigations have shown that the initial period of specific dynamic food action (SDFA) in man is characterized by a distinct rise of temperature of tissues of some organs. A rise of temperature in liver, intestinal and brown fatty tissues (by 0.5-0.9 degree C) is noted 3-10 min. after taking exploratory food (220 kcal). As has been shown before, a considerable rise of oxygen, consumed by the body, is noted. The results obtained reaffirm the existence of the initial reflectory period of SDFA in man and suggest that the liver, intestine and brown fatty tissue play the role of executive organs in this period.
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The spinal mechanism of the phantom pain origin is proved. The underlying factors are: segmentary spinal denervation hypersensitivity and attenuation of the descending inhibitory influence. The pathogenetic treatment of phantom pains is proposed by means of an associated treatment by GABA-ergic drug--Baclofen and alpha-2--adrenomimetic--Clofelin. Good effects of the proposed scheme of treatment confirm the correctness of the presented ideas of pathogenesis of phantom pains.
Experiments on dogs with Pavlov isolated pouches and gastric fistulas have shown that the ingested solution of MSG produces a potentiating effect on maximal gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin. This effect is apparently connected with the formation of glutathione in intestine. The glutathione concentration in blood after the intake of MSG is significantly elevated. It has been established that reduced glutathione administered in blood produced the similar potentiating effect on gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin.
The experiments on dogs using gastrin inhibitors (Milid, secretin) and the data of radioimmunoassay on gastrin blood levels have shown that gastrin is not involved into the activation of gastric glands after parenteral injection of amino acids.
Three elevations of the insulin concentration in the blood of the v. pancreaticoduodenalis and v. portae were found in dogs fed with food containing mainly proteins, fat or carbohydrates. The gastrointestinal tract was found to potentiate the liberation of insulin. The elevation of the latter concentration in the blood occurred before the intensive absorption of the nutrients aided to, apparently, by liberation of some gastrointestinal hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, GIP and others) which prepare the tissues for the assimilation of nutrients. A later elevation of the insulin concentration in the blood is possibly connected with absorption of aminoacids and some other nutrients and/or liberation of GIP in the small intestine.