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Biomedical subjects

L Sjöberg

Publications and source records attributed to L Sjöberg.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Long-term effects of pregnancy on diabetic complications.

The aim of our study was to establish whether pregnancy affects long-term development and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetic women compared to nulliparous diabetic women. Twenty-eight diabetic women who had delivered in 1983-85 at Helsinki University Central Hospital and 17 nulliparous controls matched according in age, duration of diabetes, and degree of vascular complications were personally interviewed and the current retinal status and renal function were assessed 7 years later, in 1990-92. Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, nocturnal albuminuria, and HbA1c were measured and colour fundus photography carried out. The results were compared to the status in 1983-85. Of those who had been pregnant, 5 of 26 (19.2%) had experienced worsening of retinopathy. In 3 of these, proliferative retinopathy had developed from only minimal background changes. In the control group, progression had occurred in 8 cases of 16 (50%, p < 0.05). The groups did not differ from each other regarding progression or development of nephropathy. This suggests that pregnancy does not seem to affect development or progression of diabetic nephropathy whereas progression of retinopathy seems to occur less often after pregnancy compared to nulliparous women.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Reasons for pregnancy termination: negligence or failure of contraception?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the reasons for the failure of contraception and the reasons for not using any contraception among women seeking a legal abortion on social grounds. The women were also asked about their knowledge of contraception methods, including postcoital contraception. METHODS: We interviewed 200 women applying for a legal abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy about contraception, the contraceptive methods used, and the possible reasons for failure of contraception. RESULTS: Of all the women interviewed, 93% claimed to have adequate knowledge of contraception. At the time of conception 11.5% used safe methods (OCs 8%, IUDs 3.5%), 63% used less safe methods, and 26% were without contraception. Only 25% of the pill users had no explanation for the failure. 76.7% of the condom users reported that the condom was broken, had slipped off or its use had been irregular. The concern about side effects was the most common reason for not using safe contraceptives (25%). CONCLUSIONS: The women claimed to have enough information about contraceptives, and postcoital contraception was also familiar, but the knowledge on how to use them in practice was inadequate. Irregular use and breaks in contraception were common. Despite the data based on Pearl indices, pills failed twice as often as IUDs. Counseling about the proper use of contraceptives is important, although the concern about the side effects appeared to be a big, unsolved problem.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1993

Mission challenge, mental workload and performance in military aviation.

In modern military aircraft, complexity of information combined with time stress creates difficulties for the pilot under combat conditions. The first step to mitigate this problem is to measure mental workload. Several methods for doing so have been proposed. In this paper we develop an analysis of mental workload as distinguished from its prior flight mission parameters (risk, challenge) and subsequent effects (mission performance). A model is developed on the basis of extensive mission data, both ground attack and fighter missions, which exhibits a dual coping process as a response to challenge and risk: emotion coping, leading to tension and decreased performance, and problem solving, leading to increased mental energy and improved performance. The model implies a selection of optimal measures for constructing an index of mental workload which is demonstrated to yield a sensitive measure of the pilot's changing mental status over the course of a period of training.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1991

Knowledge and risk perception among nuclear power plant employees.

This is a study of knowledge, risk perception, and attitudes among nuclear power plant employees. A total of 236 persons participated, belonging to 10 different professional groups and working at two Swedish power plants. Job-related radiation risks were judged about average as compared to a number of other risks. On the whole, the participants in the study were satisfied with the measures of safety at work, but there were some exceptions to this rule, especially among those hired for temporary jobs through external contractors. The experience of job-related radiation risks was related to the level of knowledge about radiation and its risks: those who knew less experienced larger risks. General level of anxiety did not correlate with risk perception. The latter was accounted for mainly by perceived radiation risks. Job satisfaction was more strongly related to perceived conventional job risks than to nuclear risks. Risk ratings were related to how subjects defined the concept of risk. Those who stressed consequences as part of their risk definition gave higher risk ratings.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

Spread of Klebsiella in a neonatal ward.

The colonization of infants with Klebsiella pneumoniae was prospectively studied. Samples were taken from nose, throat, umbilicus and rectum on the day of arrival and thereafter once a week. Phage typing was performed the first time K. pneumoniae was found at any of these sites. Settle plates were exposed in the incubators and in the patient rooms 5 h/day. The study lasted for 32 weeks. The first 15 weeks was a control period with no information to the staff, the following 4 weeks was a period of intervention and education and the last 13 weeks was a second control period. In all, 603 infants were investigated. The number of infants nursed per week and severity of their disease was comparable in the 3 periods. The colonization rates were 65, 34 and 58%, respectively. The acquisition of new strains was 1.4 per infant in the first and last periods, but only 0.4 in the period of intervention. Thus, colonization rates decreased only during the period of continuous education in hygiene.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1990

Action and emotion in everyday life.

This study of naturally occurring behaviour employed a "beeper technique" to investigate the actions carried out by 152 subjects in eight different groups, viz. adult students, employed students who were also parents, unemployed, art students, doctoral students, alcoholics, retired people and a control group. Actions were sampled for seven subsequent days, five times per day between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m. at randomly selected occasions. Each action was rated on a number of variables, shortly after it was sampled (median delay approximately 10 min). Some of the findings were: Time allocation corresponded well with national estimates. Being under situational control was highly aversive. Instrumental and consummatory orientations correlated positively. The background variables were, on the whole, only rather weakly related to action ratings, but it was found that women and retired persons tended to report a higher level of well-being.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

A 10-year survey of clinically significant blood culture isolates and antibiotic susceptibilities from adult patients with hematological diseases at a major Swedish hospital.

In patients treated with cytotoxic drugs granulocytopenia and septicemia are commonly seen. In this 10-year survey 324 blood culture isolates from 184 patients with hematological diseases and septicemia were studied. The distribution of microbiological diagnoses in patients with hematological diseases as well as acute leukemia 1980-1986 was significantly different (p less than 0.01) from an unselected blood culture material from the same period. The differences are mainly seen between Enterobacteriaceae other than Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci. The microbiological spectrum for patients with hematological disease 1987-1989 was also significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the spectrum of the same group of patients 1980-1986 due to higher frequencies of coagulase-negative staphylococci and alpha-streptococci and lower frequency of E. coli in the latter period. 40% of the isolates were gram-positive cocci during the first period and increased to 50% during the second period. The susceptibility testing indicates that trimethoprim/sulfonamide is not as good a choice as ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin for oral antibiotic prophylaxis. For intravenous therapy imipenem/cilastatin or the combinations of an aminoglycoside/piperacillin or aminoglycoside/third generation cephalosporin have advantages over aminoglycoside/trimethoprim/sulfa in combination. However, addition of isoxazolylpenicillin or vancomycin now seems necessary to cover the increasing part of gram-positive bacteria causing septicemia in patients with hematological disease.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1988

Survey of blood culture isolates in an area of Sweden from 1980 to 1986.

To demonstrate the local epidemiological situation with respect to septicemia in an area of Sweden, a survey was made of all blood cultures performed in the county of Orebro (270,000 inhabitants) from 1980 to 1986. From these blood cultures 4,057 organisms presumed clinically significant were isolated which gives an annual incidence of 215 isolates per 100,000 inhabitants. The two most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli (24.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%). Only minor annual variations in the frequency of different species was observed. An increasing tendency in the isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci since 1980 was noted. Comparison of the findings of the present study with those of other studies demonstrated differences between geographical areas and time-periods. Repeated monitoring of the local spectrum of organisms isolated from blood cultures and, if necessary, adjustment of the routine antibiotic regimen is thus recommended.

Enterobacteriaceae Infections↗
PubMed1988

A comparison between Bactec aerobic resin and hypertonic blood culture media.

The presence of antimicrobial agents in patients' blood is thought to represent an important source of false-negative blood cultures. This has led to the incorporation of agents with inhibitory effects on antimicrobial drugs into culture medium. In the present study, Bactec aerobic resin-containing blood culture medium was compared with Bactec hypertonic blood culture medium. 504 patients receiving cytostatic and/or antibiotic treatment were studied. Sensitivity calculations on detection of bacteremia in these patients gave 0.91 for the resin medium and 0.79 for the hypertonic blood culture system and showed a significant difference (p = 0.016). In addition, the resin-containing system more rapidly detected positive cultures than the hypertonic system.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

Military flight experience and sympatho-adrenal activity.

Urine excretion levels of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) were determined, and achievement, commitment to the task, difficulty, risk, activation, and tension were rated after the preparation or planning and after the performance of 245 missions by 21 attack pilots. The catecholamine excretion levels increased and the ratio NA/A decreased as a function of condition (lesson, preparation, and mission). From a confirmatory factor analysis it was found that the catecholamine reactivity during preparation (values corrected for basal activity) was affected by the perceived challenge potential of the mission. The reference A activity covaried with the total A reactivity during the missions, i.e., the higher the basal excretion levels the higher the reactions to the missions. A positive relationship was found between former flight experience (hours) and mean activity of A. The rate of increase of A was potentiated by nicotine. Potential explanations of the increase of A are discussed.

Adolescent↗