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L Stanley

Publications and source records attributed to L Stanley.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Measuring the impact of intimate partner violence on the health of women in Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: Using burden of disease methodology, estimate the health risks of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: We calculated population attributable fractions (from survey data on the prevalence of IPV and the relative risks of associated health problems in Australia) and determined health outcomes by applying them to disability-adjusted life year estimates for the relevant disease and injury categories for Victoria, Australia for 2001. FINDINGS: For women of all ages IPV accounted for 2.9% (95% uncertainty interval 2.4-3.4%) of the total disease and injury burden. Among women 18-44 years of age, IPV was associated with 7.9% (95% uncertainty interval 6.4-9.5%) of the overall disease burden and was a larger risk to health than risk factors traditionally included in burden of disease studies, such as raised blood pressure, tobacco use and increased body weight. Poor mental health contributed 73% and substance abuse 22% to the disease burden attributed to IPV. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that IPV constitutes a significant risk to women's health. Mental health policy-makers and health workers treating common mental health problems need to be aware that IPV is an important risk factor. Future research should concentrate on evaluating effective interventions to prevent women being exposed to violence, and identifying the most appropriate mental health care for victims to reduce short- and long-term disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

In vitro inhibition of Eimeria tenella invasion by indigenous chicken Lactobacillus species.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of indigenous chicken Lactobacillus species isolates from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract on Eimeria tenella invasion in vitro and to characterise the nature of inhibition, if any. The effects of competitive exclusion, steric interference and bacterial extracellular factors on E. tenella invasion were examined in an MDBK cell model. Several Lactobacillus species were initially isolated from chickens and identified by biochemical characteristics and 16S-rRNA. All Lactobacillus species isolates tested, significantly inhibited E. tenella invasion. Steric interference did not affect parasite invasion. Extracellular metabolic factors secreted by Lactobacillus species isolates into the surrounding media were shown to inhibit parasite invasion and these factors appeared to be heat stable. These results show that the natural microflora of poultry can provide a source of E. tenella-inhibiting Lactobacillus species in vitro, and thus may contribute to the control of Eimeria infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase in erythrocytes of cystic fibrosis patients.

Sulphamethoxazole, a substrate of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase, is used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis patients, who metabolise the drug rapidly. Increased metabolic clearance of sulphamethoxazole has been suggested to account for this rapid metabolism. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 is expressed in erythrocytes and leucocytes and the activity in erythrocytes is shown to contribute approximately 99% of the activity of arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 in blood cells. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 activity in erythrocytes from 16 adult cystic fibrosis patients and 19 age-matched controls were compared. Although there is a variation in erythrocyte arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 activity within each group, no difference was found when the two groups were compared. All individuals from the cystic fibrosis and control groups were investigated for certain allelic variants of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 gene (NAT1). Only one copy of a mutant NAT1 allele (NAT1*11) was found. The heterozygous NAT1 individual is a cystic fibrosis patient with a low level of erythrocyte arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 activity. A second distinct arylamine N-acetyltransferase isozyme, arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 2, is encoded at the multi-allelic NAT2 locus. There was no correlation between erythrocyte arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 activity and NAT2 alleles present in either the cystic fibrosis or control groups. The distribution of NAT2 alleles was very similar in the two groups. The increased clearance of sulphamethoxazole in cystic fibrosis patients appears unlikely to be due to erythrocyte arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 activity or to inheritance of alleles at either the NAT1 or NAT2 loci.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The human osteocalcin promoter directs bone-specific vitamin D-regulatable gene expression in transgenic mice.

Osteocalcin is a major noncollagenous protein of bone regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and is believed to be expressed only by differentiated osteoblasts. We introduced a 3.9-kilobase human osteocalcin gene promoter (hOCP)-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion gene into the germ line of mice. Examination of tissue extracts from these transgenic mice demonstrated that the expression of CAT was restricted to bone-associated tissues and the brain. Immunohistochemical staining of femur tissue sections using CAT antibodies localized the production of CAT protein to osteoblasts and maturing chondrocytes. Previous studies via transient transfection into osteoblast-like cells have identified a vitamin D response element approximately 500 basepairs up-stream of the hOCP capable of mediating 1,25-(OH)2D3 induction. As a consequence, regulation of the transgene was examined in homozygous transgenic lines for sensitivity to 1,25-(OH)2D3. Hormonal deficiency was created using a low calcium diet supplemented with 0.8% SrCl2 for 7 days and was restored in experimental mice by injection of 25 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3/day, ip, for 3 days. The low vitamin D3 diet decreased CAT activity several-fold in extracts from calvaria, femur, and brain compared to that in mice maintained on a normal diet, while 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation restored and enhanced CAT activity over control values. These data demonstrate that hOCP is sufficient to direct osteoblast-specific 1,25-(OH)2D3-sensitive gene expression in mice in addition to the unexpected regulatable expression in brain tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of rhizobacteria associated with weed seedlings.

Rhizobacteria were isolated from seedlings of seven economically important weeds and characterized for potential phytopathogenicity, effects on seedling growth, and antibiosis to assess the possibility of developing deleterious rhizobacteria as biological control agents. The abundance and composition of rhizobacteria varied among the different weed species. For example, fluorescent pseudomonads represented from 11 to 42% of the total rhizobacterial populations from jimsonweed and lambsquarters, respectively. Other bacteria frequently isolated were nonfluorescent pseudomonads, Erwinia herbicola, Alcaligenes spp., and Flavobacterium spp. Only 18% of all isolates were potentially phytopathogenic, based on an Escherichia coli indicator bioassay. However, the proportion of isolates that inhibited growth in seedling assays ranged from 35 to 65% depending on the weed host. Antibiosis was most prevalent among isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., the activity of which was due to siderophore production in over 75% of these isolates. Overall, rhizobacterial isolates exhibited a complex array of properties that were inconsistent with accepted definitions for plant growth-promoting and deleterious rhizobacteria. It is suggested that for development of effective biological control agents for weed control, deleterious rhizobacteria must be screened directly on host seedlings and must possess several properties including high colonizing ability, specific phytotoxin production, and resistance or tolerance to antibiotics produced by other rhizosphere microorganisms, and they must either synthesize or utilize other bacterial siderophores.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Metabolites of procainamide and practolol inhibit complement components C3 and C4.

Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus arises from toxic side-effects of administration of hydralazine, isoniazid, procainamide and practolol. Hydralazine and isoniazid are nucleophilic drugs and inhibit the covalent binding reaction of complement components, C3 and C4, an effect likely to lead to deposition of immune complexes (a feature of systemic lupus erythematosus). Procainamide and practolol do not themselves inhibit C3 and C4. A range of metabolites and putative metabolites of procainamide and practolol were synthesized, and tested for their ability to inhibit the covalent binding reactions of C3 and C4. The highly nucleophilic hydroxylamine metabolite of procainamide was strongly inhibitory in both tests, as was a putative hydroxylamine metabolite of practolol. These studies indicate a potential role for the hydroxylamine metabolites in mediating the toxic side-effects of procainamide and practolol, and emphasize the need for adequate measurements of hydroxylamine metabolites in human tissue.

Acecainide↗
PubMed1982

Gunshot victims.

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Adolescent↗