Supra-agonist peptides enhance the reactivation of memory CTL responses.
Single amino acid substitutions at TCR contacts may transform a natural peptide Ag in CTL ligands with partial agonist, antagonist, or null activity. We obtained peptide variants by changing nonanchor amino acid residues involved in MHC class I binding. These peptides were derived from a subdominant HLA-A2-presented, latent membrane protein 2-derived epitope expressed in EBV-infected cells and in EBV-associated tumors. We found that small structural changes produced ligands with vastly different activities. In particular, the variants that associated more stably to HLA-A2/molecules did not activate any CTL function, behaving as null ligands. Interestingly, T cell stimulations performed with the combination of null ligands and the natural epitope produced significantly higher specific CTL reactivation than reactivation of CTLs induced by the wild-type epitope alone. In addition, these particular variants activated memory CTL responses in the presence of concentrations of natural epitope that per se did not induce T cell responses. We show here that null ligands increased ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase activation induced by the natural epitope. Our results demonstrate for the first time that particular peptide variants, apparently behaving as null ligands, interact with the TCR, showing a supra-agonist activity. These variant peptides did not affect the effector T cell functions activated by the natural epitope. Supra-agonist peptides represent the counterpart of antagonists and may have important applications in the development of therapeutic peptides.