Cardiovascular changes during endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
During an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) a sudden increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) may occur at any time. In the literature little attention has been paid to the early detection of such an increase. In particular the occurrence of a 'Cushing reflex' has not been discussed in this context. Therefore, we have now analysed retrospectively the anesthesia charts of 88 patients with obstructive hydrocephalus who had undergone ETV under general anesthesia. Monitoring included invasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, end-expired carbon dioxide, pulse oximetry and heart rate. These variables were now evaluated before and after the introduction of the endoscope and during and after the occurrence of any change. In 67 patients the procedure had been uneventful. In 6 patients the occurrence of tachycardia and hypertension followed by bradycardia and hypertension was clearly the result of an increase in ICP, which we call a Cushing reflex. In his classical description of this pressure response Cushing reported the occurrence of hypertension, bradycardia and apnoea. However, many investigators have shown that beside systemic hypertension, both tachycardia and bradycardia are essential components of the Cushing reflex. Waiting for a persistent bradycardia to alert the surgeon during ETV can allow a fatal asystole.