Biomedical subjects

Lan Zhu

Publications and source records attributed to Lan Zhu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

[The study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of female urinary incontinence in Beijing women].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence, the clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of urinary incontinence in Beijing women. METHODS: In the cross-sectional study, 5300 Beijing women aged over 20 years were interviewed through a questionnaire including International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Module (ICIQ-FLUTS). Aged from 20 to 99 years old (mean 46 +/- 17). Divided into 8 groups every 10 years. 4812 cases are married. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of UI was 38.5% (2008/5221), among theses women, 22.9% (1197/5221), had stress incontinence, 2.8% (147/5221) urge incontinence and 12.4% (649/5221) mixed incontinence. In multiple logistic models, age, delivery mode, smoking, hypertension, constipation, body mass index, chronic pelvic pain (CPP) were relation factors for stress incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of urinary incontinence is high (38.5%). Urinary incontinence is major disease that affects female quality of life. 22.9% (1197/5221) of the incontinence women had stress urinary incontinence, 2.8% (147/5221) urge urinary incontinence and 12.4% (649/5221) mixed urinary incontinence. Old, vaginal delivery, smoking, hypertension, constipation, CPP and higher BMI are potential risk factors for stress urinary incontinence. Cesarean section are protective factors for stress urinary incontinence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of adnexal masses.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy has been accepted for years as a management of benign ovarian tumors. The aim of this study was to estimate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopy in diagnosis and management of adnexal masses. METHODS: A total of 2083 patients with benign adnexal mass were treated by laparoscopy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December 2003. Their clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. All the adnexal masses suspicious of malignancy at the time of laparoscopy were sent for frozen section evaluation intraoperatively. The rates of unexpected intracystic vegetation and low malignant potential (LMP) tumor or malignancy were investigated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of laparoscopic diagnosis for LMP or ovarian malignancies were calculated. The ratios were compared by Chi-square test and the continuous variables were tested using two-tailed t test. RESULTS: Of the 2083 patients, 16 had LMP or invasive tumors (0.77%), among which 14 were diagnosed histologically intraoperatively and 2 postoperatively. Fifty-five (2.6%) of the 2083 patients had unexpected intracystic vegetations. Their frozen sections showed benign tumors in 41 (74.5%), LMP tumors in 8 (14.5%), and focal invasive ovarian cancers (stage Ic) in 6 (10.9%). The final pathological diagnosis were benign tumors in 41 (74.5%), LMP tumors 7 (12.7%), and focal invasive ovarian cancers (stage Ic) in 7 (12.7%). Laparoscopy achieved a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 25.5%, and negative predictive value of 99.9% in the diagnosis of ovarian malignancies. 2067 cases with benign adnexal masses underwent laparoscopy successfully. No conversion to laparotomy, or intra- and postoperative complications in this series. Of the 16 patients with LMP or invasive ovarian cancer, seven underwent laparoscopic surgery including immediate staging laparoscopy in 3. The mean follow-up was 17.3 months for the 16 patients. Among them, 1 developed a recurrent LMP tumor in the contralateral ovary 36 months after laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy, and received subsequent laparoscopic cystectomy and pelvic lymph node sampling; the others had no evidence of recurrent tumor during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is feasible for diagnosis of adnexal masses, and the surgery is safe for patients with benign ovarian tumors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Chronic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with a sitagliptin analog preserves pancreatic beta-cell mass and function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes.

Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), a key regulator of the actions of incretin hormones, exert antihyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetic patients. A major unanswered question concerns the potential ability of DPP-4 inhibition to have beneficial disease-modifying effects, specifically to attenuate loss of pancreatic beta-cell mass and function. Here, we investigated the effects of a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor, an analog of sitagliptin (des-fluoro-sitagliptin), on glycemic control and pancreatic beta-cell mass and function in a mouse model with defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion, namely high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Significant and dose-dependent correction of postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia, HbA(1c), and plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were observed in HFD/STZ mice following 2-3 months of chronic therapy. Treatment with des-fluoro-sitagliptin dose dependently increased the number of insulin-positive beta-cells in islets, leading to the normalization of beta-cell mass and beta-cell-to-alpha-cell ratio. In addition, treatment of mice with des-fluoro-sitagliptin, but not glipizide, significantly increased islet insulin content and improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets. These findings suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors may offer long-lasting efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by modifying the courses of the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Protective effect of rosiglitazone on myocardium in diabetic cardiomyopathy of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of PPARgamma ligands rosiglitazone on myocardium in diabetic cardiomyopathy of rats. METHODS: The rat model of diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) for 6 or 10 weeks. In the treatment group the STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with rosiglitazone. The left ventricular muscle specimens were taken from treatment and control group; then were examined under transmission electron microscope. RESULT: Cardiac myofibrils of diabetic rats in control group were obviously fewer and broken. There were fewer and smaller dissolved mitochondria with incomplete membrane and mixed cristae and karyopyknosis. Myocardium of diabetic rats treated with rosiglitazone was markedly improved although their blood glucose levels were still high. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia can cause destruction of myocardial cell structure. Rosiglitazone has protective effect on myocardial cells of diabetic rats, which seems to be independent of blood glucose levels.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fallopian tube prolapse following hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of fallopian tube prolapse (FTP) after hysterectomy. METHODS: A total of 7949 patients received hysterectomy from January 1983 to August 2005 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and 9 cases (including 1 case from other hospital) of FTP after hysterectomy were involved during this period. All of them were diagnosed according to pathological results and were followed up. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the FTP patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence of FTP after hysterectomy was 0.1% (8/7949), with the incidence of FTP after transabdominal hysterectomy being 0.06% (4/6229), after trans-vaginal hysterectomy being 0.5% (4/780), after laparoscopic assistant vaginal hysterectomy being 0 (0/940). There was no symptom in 3 cases. The pelvic examination revealed the typical prolapsed fimbrial end of a fallopian tube in 3 cases and the other 6 cases revealed red granulation tissue. All of them were excised vaginally and cauterized. The results were proved by pathological examination. No recurrence was reported during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: FTP is a rare complication after hysterectomy. The prognosis is well after proper diagnosis and treatment Fixation of accessories onto the pelvic wall and complete peritonealization at the time of hysterectomy are the most important methods to prevent FTP after hysterectomy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Study of sexual function in women after surgery for stress urinary incontinence].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of the patients' sexual function after the surgeries for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: Pelvic organ prolapse-urinary incontinence sexual function questionnaire (PISQ) was sent to 62 sexually active patients who underwent laparoscopic Burch colposuspension or had a tension free vaginal tape (TVT) inserted at least 6 months after the operation, to a maximum of 3 years. The patient was divided into two groups according to different operations, different follow-up intervals and whether there was concomitant coital incontinence before the operations respectively. The changes of PISQ scores before and after the operation were compared between two groups. For the groups not having significant difference in PISQ score, we compared the rate of PISQ score improvement and the rate of satisfaction postoperatively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether age, parity, body mass index, menstrual status, surgical history, medical illness, severity of SUI, concomitant hysterectomy and intraoperative or postoperative complications affected the change of sexual function. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients answered the questionnaire giving a follow-up rate of 90%. The average score of PISQ was 85.2 +/- 10.7 and 82.4 +/- 17.7 before and after the surgery, and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); however behavioral emotional domain scores worsened (30.5 +/- 6.6 vs 26.8 +/- 10.7, P < 0.05). The PISQ scores of the patients who underwent the operation within a year declined significantly (86.0 +/- 10.7 vs 77.7 +/- 18.6, P < 0.05), especially in behavioral emotional domain (31.0 +/- 7.2 vs 23.7 +/- 11.3, P < 0.01); however after a year, there was no significant change (84.4 +/- 10.8 vs 86.5 +/- 16.1, P > 0.05) and even an improvement in the physical domain (34.5 +/- 5.6 vs 36.9 +/- 4.3, P < 0.05). Regarding the sexual function improvement ratio, the patients who had the TVT operations (54% vs 12%) or had concomitant coital incontinence before the operations (62% vs 23%) were better (P < 0.01). The change of PISQ scores was independent of clinical features. CONCLUSIONS: The operations of SUI have an adverse effect on the patients' sexual life within a year, which may recover after that period. TVT operation has a better effect on the patients sexual function compared with laparoscopic Burch colposuspension; the patients who have concomitant coital incontinence before the operations have a better sexual function improvement.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Morphologic study on levator ani muscle in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence.

The objective of this study was to determine the morphologic changes of the levator ani muscle of patients with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Histological and histochemical analyses of the biopsy specimens of the levator ani muscle obtained from patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and a control group were performed. The striated muscle-positive biopsy rate was 26.7% in the SUI group, 15.8% in the POP group, whereas it was 100% in the control group. The diameters of types I and II fibers decreased significantly with age and menopausal time in the control group. Splitting or fragmentation of fibers with red granules, which are called ragged-red fibers, were found in the SUI group. The diameters of levator ani muscle fibers in the control group were significantly larger than those in the SUI group (p=0.034<0.05). The degenerative change in histology and decrease in relative number of levator ani muscle might be associated with women suffering from SUI.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the localization and expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) Fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) in human ectopic and eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis. METHODS: Specimens of endometriosis patients, aged (38 +/- 8) years, including 37 specimens of entopic endometrium, 34 specimens of ovarian chocolate cyst, 34 specimens of ovarian chocolate cyst, 15 specimens of red peritoneal endometriosis lesions, and 4 abdominal wall endometriosis lesions were collected. Specimens of endometrium of 33 patients with other gynecological diseases, aged (36 +/- 8) years, were collected during operation and used as controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the location and expression of Flt-1 and KDR protein in different tissues. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of Flt-1 and KDR protein in different tissues. The mRNA expressions of Flt-1 and KDR were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Flt-1 and KDR were expressed in the endometrial glandular epithelium and stromal cells besides the endometrial blood vessels. The positive expression rate of Flt-1 and KDR in the ectopic endometrium of endometriosis patients were 94.3% and 91.4% respectively, both significantly higher than those in the ovarian endometrial cyst (74.3% and 77.1% respectively, both P < 0.05), and similar to those in the eutopic endometrium of the endometriosis patients (93.8% and 90.6% respectively, both P > 0.05). In the eutopic endometrium of the endometriosis patients, the Flt-1 mRNA expression level was 2.4 +/- 1.2 and the Flt-1 protein expression level was 31 +/- 17, and the KDR mRNA expression level was 3.0 +/- 1.4 and the KDR protein expression level was 36 +/- 24, all significantly higher than those in the ovarian endometrial cyst (1.5 +/- 0.9 and 1.8 +/- 1.0 for the Flt-1 and KDR mRNA expressions, and 17 +/- 6 and 20 +/- 11 for the Flt-1 and KDR protein expressions, all P < 0.05), and similar to those in the eutopic endometrium of the non-endometriosis patients (1.9 +/- 0.8 and 2.3 +/- 1.3 for the Flt-1 and KDR mRNA expressions, and 24 +/- 18 and 25 +/- 16 for the Flt-1 and KDR protein expressions, all P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: VEGF may play certain biological role in the development of endometriosis through VEGFR (Flt-1 and KDR). The expression of Flt-1 and KDR in the endometriotic lesion appears to be associated with neovascualization.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Simultaneous inference of selection and population growth from patterns of variation in the human genome.

Natural selection and demographic forces can have similar effects on patterns of DNA polymorphism. Therefore, to infer selection from samples of DNA sequences, one must simultaneously account for demographic effects. Here we take a model-based approach to this problem by developing predictions for patterns of polymorphism in the presence of both population size change and natural selection. If data are available from different functional classes of variation, and a priori information suggests that mutations in one of those classes are selectively neutral, then the putatively neutral class can be used to infer demographic parameters, and inferences regarding selection on other classes can be performed given demographic parameter estimates. This procedure is more robust to assumptions regarding the true underlying demography than previous approaches to detecting and analyzing selection. We apply this method to a large polymorphism data set from 301 human genes and find (i) widespread negative selection acting on standing nonsynonymous variation, (ii) that the fitness effects of nonsynonymous mutations are well predicted by several measures of amino acid exchangeability, especially site-specific methods, and (iii) strong evidence for very recent population growth.

Computational Biology↗

PubMed2005

A composite-likelihood approach for detecting directional selection from DNA sequence data.

We present a novel composite-likelihood-ratio test (CLRT) for detecting genes and genomic regions that are subject to recurrent natural selection (either positive or negative). The method uses the likelihood functions of Hartl et al. (1994) for inference in a Wright-Fisher genic selection model and corrects for nonindependence among sites by application of coalescent simulations with recombination. Here, we (1) characterize the distribution of the CLRT statistic (Lambda) as a function of the population recombination rate (R=4Ner); (2) explore the effects of bias in estimation of R on the size (type I error) of the CLRT; (3) explore the robustness of the model to population growth, bottlenecks, and migration; (4) explore the power of the CLRT under varying levels of mutation, selection, and recombination; (5) explore the discriminatory power of the test in distinguishing negative selection from population growth; and (6) evaluate the performance of maximum composite-likelihood estimation (MCLE) of the selection coefficient. We find that the test has excellent power to detect weak negative selection and moderate power to detect positive selection. Moreover, the test is quite robust to bias in the estimate of local recombination rate, but not to certain demographic scenarios such as population growth or a recent bottleneck. Last, we demonstrate that the MCLE of the selection parameter has little bias for weak negative selection and has downward bias for positively selected mutations.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2005

(2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

A novel series of beta-amino amides incorporating fused heterocycles, i.e., triazolopiperazines, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models. MK-0431, the phosphate salt of compound 1, was selected for development as a potential new treatment for type 2 diabetes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

Abdominal wall endometriomas.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment, and factors of recurrence of abdominal wall endometriomas (AWE). METHOD: Sixty-four cases of AWE diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from 1983 to 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULT: There was an AWE incidence of 0.044% among the parturients undergoing cesarean section at PUMCH, of whom 87.5% had the typical complaint of an enlarging mass and pain during menstruation. Among these women, 62 underwent low abdominal surgery for endometrioma (2 for primary umbilicus endometrioma); 2 women with small endometriomas opted for a temporary medical solution and had relief after menopause. The latent period of AWE positively correlated to the women's age at onset of symptoms (P<0.001). Of the 62 women who underwent local excision, 19 had an unsatisfactory experience with medical management. There were 5 recurrences and 1 evolution to malignancy during a mean follow-up of 83.7 months. Recurrence was closely related to the size and depth of lesions. CONCLUSION: Because of its typical clinical manifestations, abdominal wall endometriomas could be diagnosed before pregnancy. Surgical excision is the only effective treatment and wide local excision with clear margins is the key point to prevent recurrence.

Abdominal Wall↗

PubMed2005

Pharmacology of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated current at the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse.

Different forms of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum are mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). At parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapses activation of mGluR gives rise to a well known slow synaptic current inhibited by antagonists of mGluR1. The distribution of mGluR types in the climbing fiber (CF) to PC synapses is not well known. However, a mGluR1alpha-mediated all-or-none postsynaptic current was also demonstrated at the CF-PC synapse (Dzubay and Otis, Neuron 36, 1159, 2002). Using whole cell patch-clamp recording from PCs in rat cerebellar slices with AMPA receptors blocked and glutamate uptake impaired we demonstrate a more complex pharmacology of a current obtained by single or train CF stimulation. The mGluR1 specific antagonist CPCCOEt in a group of cells suppressed this response while in a similar number of other cells it induced a potentiating effect. The antagonists of mGluR groups II and III (LY341495 and MSOP, respectively) predominantly suppressed the current. The ambiguous effect of CPCCOEt was checked by measuring the paired-pulse depression of the CF EPSC, which was not changed with the antagonist in normal as well as in low (0.5 mM) external Ca(2+) (used to prevent saturation of AMPARs), thus excluding a presynaptic effect. However, CPCCOEt induced a rise in the amplitude (by approximately 50%) as well as a prolongation (p<0.05) of the decay time of CF EPSCs at normal 2 mM Ca(2+), i.e. under conditions of AMPAR saturation, thus indicating an effect of postsynaptic origin. In 0.5 mM Ca(2+) the decay of CF EPSCs was longer but it was also significantly prolonged (p?0.01) by CPCCOEt. However, the CF EPSC amplitude was not significantly affected indicating an underlying Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism. Thus, the pharmacology of the PC mGluR-mediated response points to a dual postsynaptic role of mGluR1 giving rise to a slow postsynaptic current but also regulating other presumably mGluR-dependent currents via second messenger molecules and Ca(2+). The additional electrophysiological role of mGluR II & III types was also indicated. Such a complex regulatory mechanism may have an important role in the mGluR-dependent forms of homosynaptic plasticity and motor learning at the CF-PC synapse.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Ketamine preconditions isolated human right atrial myocardium: roles of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and adrenoceptors.

BACKGROUND: The authors examined the effect of ketamine and its S(+) isomer on isolated human myocardium submitted to hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. METHODS: The authors studied isometric contraction of human right atrial trabeculae suspended in an oxygenated Tyrode's modified solution at 34 degrees C. Ten minutes before a 30-min hypoxic period followed by a 60-min reoxygenation, muscles were exposed for 15 min to racemic ketamine and its S(+) isomer at 10, 10, and 10 m alone or in the presence of 8.10 m 5-hydroxydecanoate, 10 m HMR 1098 (sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel antagonist), 10 m phentolamine (alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist), and 10 m propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist). Force of contraction at the end of the 60-min reoxygenation period was compared between groups (mean +/- SD). RESULTS: Ketamine (10 m: 85 +/- 4%; 10 m: 95 +/- 10%; 10 m: 94 +/- 14% of baseline) and S(+)-ketamine (10-6 m: 85 +/- 4%; 10 m: 91 +/- 16%; 10 m: 93 +/- 14% of baseline) enhanced recovery of force of contraction at the end of the reoxygenation period as compared with the control group (47 +/- 10% of baseline; P < 0.001). Ketamine-induced preconditioning at 10 m was inhibited by 5-hydroxydecanoate (60 +/- 16%; P < 0.001), HMR 1098 (60 +/- 14%; P < 0.001), phentolamine (56 +/- 12%; P < 0.001), and propranolol (60 +/- 7%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In vitro, ketamine preconditions isolated human myocardium, at least in part, via activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and stimulation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2005

Short-term facilitation and depression in the cerebellum: some observations on wild-type and mutant rodents deficient in the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin C.

Short-term plasticity was studied on synapses to Purkinje cells (PC): paired-pulse facilitation in parallel fibers (PF) and paired-pulse depression in climbing fibers (CF). Both phenomena relate to synaptic strength. These forms of short-term plasticity were tested on cerebellar slices in rat by early postnatal synchronous stimulation of olivary neurons (i.e., CFs) with harmaline and by inhibition of a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) as well as in mice that were deficient in the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C. Harmaline stimulation delayed the developmental competition between CF inputs and maintained multiple innervation. Paired-pulse depression of the CF-PC synapse after harmaline treatment was more expressed. However, paired-pulse facilitation in PF-PC synapses remained unchanged. Electrophysiological responses of postsynaptic mGluR1 in CF-PC synapses could be obtained only with AMPA receptors blocked and glutamate uptake impaired. The mGluR1-specific antagonist CPCCOEt suppressed the CF-mGluR EPSC in some PCs and potentiated it in other PCs. CF paired-pulse depression was not changed with CPCCOEt, thus excluding a presynaptic effect. The postsynaptic effect was underlined by CPCCOEt-induced rise in amplitude of EPSC and by a prolongation of its decay time. Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins that may restrict the regenerative capacity of the nervous tissue. Testing short-term presynaptic plasticity in tenascin-C-deficient mice showed that CF paired-pulse depression was less expressed while PF paired-pulse facilitation was augmented except in a group of cells where there was even depression. The results underline differences in forms of short-term plasticity with regard to susceptibility to diverse modulatory factors.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Investigation of iodine concentration in salt, water and soil along the coast of Zhejiang, China.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe the environment iodine concentration in salt, water and soil along Zhejiang Province coast in the China foreland. It will be helpful for us to judge whether this area is insufficient in iodine and universal iodized salt is necessary or not. METHODS: We collected iodized salt samples, drinking water samples (tap water in the towns, and well water or spring water in the villages), water samples from different sources (ditches, lakes, rivers) and soil samples through random sampling in June, 2005. Salt, water and soil iodine was detected by arsenic-cerium redox method. Statistical analysis was expressed as mean+/-SEM by Windows SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: (1) The iodine concentration in salt was 27.9+/-4.33 mg/kg (n=108). (2) Seventy-five water samples were collected. The water iodine value was 0.6-84.8 microg/L (mean of 11.66 mug/L). The watershed along the Qiantang River has significantly higher iodine content than the water in Lin'an in mountain area (P<0.01). The iodine content and mean iodine content of tap water, well or spring water and natural water sources were 4.30+/-2.43 microg/L (n=34), 23.59+/-27.74 microg/L (n=19) and 12.72+/-10.72 microg/L (n=22) respectively. This indicated that among environmental water sources, the ditch iodine content was the highest with river water iodine being the lowest (P<0.01). (3) Soil iodine value was 0.11-2.93 mg/kg (mean of 1.32 mg/kg). Though there was no statistical difference of soil iodine in different districts (P=0.131), soil iodine content correlated positively with water iodine content. CONCLUSION: Iodine concentration in salt accords with national policy of adding iodine in salt. Foreland has more iodine in water than mountain area. The data reflected that water and soil iodine in foreland area was not high, which suggests universal iodized salt should be necessary. Environment iodine has relatively close association with pollution.

China↗

PubMed2005

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: potential importance of selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9.

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitors are a new approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. DPP-IV is a member of a family of serine peptidases that includes quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP), DPP8, and DPP9; DPP-IV is a key regulator of incretin hormones, but the functions of other family members are unknown. To determine the importance of selective DPP-IV inhibition for the treatment of diabetes, we tested selective inhibitors of DPP-IV, DPP8/DPP9, or QPP in 2-week rat toxicity studies and in acute dog tolerability studies. In rats, the DPP8/9 inhibitor produced alopecia, thrombocytopenia, reticulocytopenia, enlarged spleen, multiorgan histopathological changes, and mortality. In dogs, the DPP8/9 inhibitor produced gastrointestinal toxicity. The QPP inhibitor produced reticulocytopenia in rats only, and no toxicities were noted in either species for the selective DPP-IV inhibitor. The DPP8/9 inhibitor was also shown to attenuate T-cell activation in human in vitro models; a selective DPP-IV inhibitor was inactive in these assays. Moreover, we found DPP-IV inhibitors that were previously reported to be active in models of immune function to be more potent inhibitors of DPP8/9. These results suggest that assessment of selectivity of potential clinical candidates may be important to an optimal safety profile for this new class of antihyperglycemic agents.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Correlative factors analysis of recurrence of endometriosis after conservative surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlative factors with recurrence of endometriosis after conservative surgery. METHODS: A cohort study was performed on 285 patients who had a minimum of 36 months of follow-up after conservative surgery for endometriosis. All patients underwent clinical interview, physical examination and ultrasonography. The factors measured included: age at surgery, age at onset of disease, gravidity, parity, tenderness nodule at cul-de-sac (yes/no), uterus mobility (movable/fixed), serum CA(125) level, type of operation (laparoscopy/laparotomy), history of operation for endometriosis (yes/no), side of endometrioma (left/right/bilateral), intraoperative revised classification American Fertility Society (r-AFS) scores, post-operative r-AFS scores, highest post-operative temperature, post-operative adjuvant therapy, post-operative gravidity and parity. The recurrent rate and its predictive factors were evaluated and the univariate, multivariate COX regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to determine the predictive factors for recurrence of endometriosis. RESULTS: The related factors and their odds ratio (OR) by univariate analysis were as follows: history of endometriosis surgery, 13.630 (P < 0.01); nodules with tenderness at cul-de-sac, 6.133 (P < 0.01); post-operative administration of clomiphene, 5.173 (P < 0.01); left endometrioma, 4.503 (P < 0.01); bilateral endometrioma, 3.709 (P < 0.01); post-operative r-AFS scores, 1.831 (P < 0.01); post-operative gravidity, 0.392 (P < 0.05); post-operative administration of progesterone for 6 months, 0.472 (P < 0.01); laparoscopic surgery, 0.567 (P < 0.05); pre-operative parity, 0.640 (P < 0.05); pre-operative gravidity, 0.759 (P < 0.05); age at onset of disease, 0.912 (P < 0.01) and age at surgery, 0.932 (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the related factors and their odds ratio (OR) by multivariate COX analysis were as follows: history of endometriosis surgery, 8.219 (P < 0.01); bilateral endometrioma, 6.369 (P < 0.01); left endometrioma, 2.682 (P < 0.05); tenderness nodules at cul-de-sac, 2.154 (P < 0.05); post-operative administration of clomiphene, 1.860 (P < 0.05); post-operative r-AFS scores, 1.188 (P < 0.01); post-operative gravidity, 0.253 (P < 0.01); post-operative administration of progesterone for 6 months, 0.518 (P < 0.05); age at surgery, 0.937 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for recurrence of endometriosis include a history of endometriosis surgery, bilateral endometrioma, left endometrioma, tenderness nodules at cul-de-sac, post-operative administration of clomiphene, post-operative r-AFS scores,whereas the protective factors include the post-operative gravidity, post-operative adjuvant therapy and age at surgery.

Adult↗