Biomedical subjects

Li Li

Publications and source records attributed to Li Li.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

The K2 2(3)Pi(g) state: new observations and analysis.

Totally 3045 transitions into the 2(3)Pi(g) v = 0-42, J = 0-103, Omega = 0, 1, 2 rovibrational levels have been observed by infrared-infrared double resonance fluorescence excitation and two-photon spectroscopy. Molecular constants including the spin-orbit interaction parameters are obtained. Although the K2 2(3)Pi(g) state dissociates to the 4s + 3d atomic limit, it is strongly mixed with the 3P ionic states in the range of the potential well. This mixing results in a relatively large equilibrium internuclear distance Re = 5.254 A and a larger spin-orbit constant A0 approximately 14.17 cm(-1) than that of the atomic limit -2.33 cm(-1). Strong perturbations of the 2(3)Pi(g) levels observed are attributed to the spin-orbit coupling with the 4(1)Sigma(g)+ state.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Coexisting stripe- and patch-shaped domains in giant unilamellar vesicles.

We report a new type of gel-liquid phase segregation in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of mixed lipids. Coexisting patch- and stripe-shaped gel domains in GUV bilayers composed of DOPC/DPPC or DLPC/DPPC are observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The lipids in stripe domains are shown to be tilted according to the DiIC18 fluorescence intensity dependence on the excitation polarization. The patch domains are found to be mainly composed of DPPC-d62 according to the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) images of DOPC/DPPC-d62 bilayers. When cooling GUVs from above the miscibility temperature, the patch domains start to appear between the chain melting and the pretransition temperature of DPPC. In GUVs containing a high molar percentage of DPPC, the stripe domains form below the pretransition temperature. Our observations suggest that the patch and stripe domains are in the Pbeta' and Lbeta' gel phases, respectively. According to the thermoelastic properties of GUVs described by Needham and Evans [(1988) Biochemistry 27, 8261-8269], the Pbeta' and Lbeta' phases are formed at relatively low and high membrane tensions, respectively. GUVs with high DPPC percentage have high membrane surface tension and thus mainly exhibit Lbeta' domains, while GUVs with low DPPC percentage have low membrane surface tension and form Pbeta' domains accordingly. Adding negatively charged lipid to the lipid mixtures or applying an osmotic pressure to GUVs using sucrose solutions releases the surface tension and leads to the disappearance of the Lbeta' gel phase. The relationship between the observed domains in free-standing GUV bilayers and those in supported bilayers is discussed.

Androstanes↗

PubMed2006

Ligand-selective interdomain conformations of estrogen receptor-alpha.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) inhibit estrogen activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) in some tissues but activate ER in other tissues. These tissue-selective actions suggest that SERMs may be identified with tissue specificities that would improve the safety of breast cancer and hormone replacement therapies. The identification of an improved SERM would be aided by understanding the effects of each SERM on the structure and interactions of ER. To date, the inability to obtain structures of the full-length ER has limited our structural characterization of SERM action to their antiestrogenic effects on the isolated ER ligand binding domain. We studied the effects of estradiol and the clinically useful SERMs 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant on the conformation of the full-length ERalpha dimer complex by comparing, in living human breast cancer cells, the amounts of energy transfer between fluorophores attached to different domains of ERalpha. Estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and fulvestrant all promoted the rapid formation of ERalpha dimers with equivalent interaction kinetics. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal ERalpha domains both contain activation functions differentially affected by these ligands, but the positions of only the carboxyl termini differed upon binding with estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, or fulvestrant. The association of a specific ERalpha dimer conformation with the binding of ligands of different clinical effect will assist the identification of a SERM with optimal tissue-selective estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. These studies also provide a roadmap for dissecting important structural and kinetic details for any protein complex from the quantitative analysis of energy transfer.

Cell Line, Tumor↗

PubMed2006

Ex vivo activated OVA specific and non-specific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells exhibit comparable suppression to OVA mediated T cell responses.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tr) are important in maintaining immune tolerance to self-antigen (Ag) and preventing autoimmunity. Reduced number and inadequate function of Tr are observed in chronic autoimmune diseases. Adoptively transferred Tr effectively suppress ongoing autoimmune disease in multiple animal models. Therefore, strategies to modulate Tr have become an attractive approach to control autoimmunity. Activation of Tr is necessary for their optimal immune regulatory function. However, due to the low ratio of Tr to any given antigen (Ag) and the unknown nature of Ag in many autoimmune diseases, specific activation is not practical for potential therapeutic intervention. It has been shown in animal models that once activated, Tr can exhibit immune suppression in a bystander Ag-non-specific fashion, suggesting the effector phase of Tr is Ag independent. To investigate whether the immune suppression by activated bystander Tr is as potent as that of the Ag specific Tr, Tr cells were isolated from BALB/c or ovalbumin (OVA) specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice (DO11.10) and their immune suppression of an OVA specific T cell response was compared. We found that once activated ex vivo, Tr from BALB/c and DO11.10 mice exhibited comparable inhibition on OVA specific T cell responses as determined by T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, their immune suppression function was compared in a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) model induced by OVA specific T cells. Again, OVA specific and non-specific Tr exhibited similar inhibition of the DTH response. Taken together, the results indicate that ex vivo activated Ag-non-specific Tr are as efficient as Ag specific Tr in immune suppression, therefore our study provides additional evidence suggesting the possibility of applying ex vivo activated Tr therapy for the control of autoimmunity.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Production of salbutamol sulfate for inhalation by high-gravity controlled antisolvent precipitation.

The purpose of this study was to produce salbutamol sulfate (SS) as a model anti-asthmatic drug using high-gravity controlled precipitation (HGCP) through antisolvent crystallisation. An aqueous solution of SS was passed through a HGCP reactor with isopropanol as antisolvent to induce precipitation. Spray drying was employed to obtain dry powders. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), density measurement, thermal gravimetric analysis, and dynamic vapour sorption were carried out to characterise the powder physical properties. The aerosol performance of the powders was measured using an Aeroliser connected to a multiple stage liquid impinger operating at 60 L/min. The HGCP SS particles were elongated with 0.1 microm in width but varying length of several mum, which formed spherical agglomerates when spray dried. The particles showed the same XRD pattern and true density (1.3g/cm3) as the raw material, indicating that they belonged to the same crystalline form. However, the spray dried agglomerates had a much lower tapped density (0.1g/cm3) than the raw material (0.6g/cm3). Compared with the powder obtained by spray drying directly from an aqueous solution, the SS powders obtained from HGCP were much less hygroscopic (0.6% versus 10% water uptake at 90% RH). The in vitro aerosol performance showed a fine particle fraction FPFloaded and FPFemitted up to 54.5+/-4.9% and 71.3+/-10.0%, respectively. In conclusion, SS powder with suitable physical and aerosol properties can be obtained through antisolvent HGCP followed by spray drying.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2006

Effects of folinic acid and Vitamin B12 on ethanol-induced developmental toxicity in mouse.

The objective of this study was to assess whether combined supplementation of folinic acid (FA) and Vitamin B(12) (VB(12)) could suppress ethanol-induced developmental toxicity better than FA alone in mouse embryos cultured in vitro. In this study, exposure to 4.0mg/ml ethanol for 48 h yielded growth retardation and various malformations of the embryos. FA (10(-5), 10(-4)mol/l) or VB(12) (10(-6), 10(-5)mol/l) alone supplementation improved the growth parameters moderately, however combined supplementation of the two vitamins (10(-5)mol/l FA plus 10(-6)mol/l VB(12), 10(-5)mol/l FA plus 10(-5)mol/l VB(12), 10(-4)mol/l FA plus 10(-6)mol/l VB(12) and 10(-4)mol/l FA plus 10(-5)mol/l VB(12)) showed better protective effects, including both the growth and development parameters of the embryos, than either vitamin alone at the same dosage. The present investigation indicated that combined supplementation of folic acid and VB(12) might be a better choice than folic acid alone in the prevention of ethanol-induced birth defects.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2006

Single-walled carbon nanotubes used as stationary phase in GC.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have high surface area, high adsorption ability, and nanoscale interactions. In this study, capillary columns including SWNTs, ionic liquid (IL), and IL + SWNTs for GC were prepared. The separation results showed that SWNTs possessed a wide selectivity toward alkanes, alcohols, aromatic compounds, and ketones, and a SWNT capillary column was a very useful GC column for the separation of gas samples. Coating the IL stationary phase on the SWNT capillary column, the SWNTs were able to improve chromatographic characteristic of ionic liquid. Comparing the IL coated on three graphite carbon black capillary columns, which were prepared by dynamic coating, static coating, and chemical bonding the Carbopack C with on SWNTs capillary column, the capacity factors were much higher on the SWNT column. The SEM showed that SWNTs could be bonded to the inner surface of capillary tubing, and most of them were linked end-to-end to form a layer of network structure of skeletons resulting in a high surface area, which increased the interactions between stationary phase and analytes. This is the first single-wall carbon nanotubes bonded to the fused-silica capillary tubing. In the first approach, SWNTs assist ionic liquid with enhanced chromatographic characteristic in GC. This work indicates that SWNTs make it possible to extend the application range on the newly prepared chromatographic stationary phases for GC.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Preferential duplication in the sparse part of yeast protein interaction network.

Gene duplication is an important mechanism driving the evolution of biomolecular network. Thus, it is expected that there should be a strong relationship between a gene's duplicability and the interactions of its protein product with other proteins in the network. We studied this question in the context of the protein interaction network (PIN) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that duplicates have, on average, significantly lower clustering coefficient (CC) than singletons, and the proportion of duplicates (PD) decreases steadily with CC. Furthermore, using functional annotation data, we observed a strong negative correlation between PD and the mean CC for functional categories. By partitioning the network into modules and assigning each protein a modularity measure Q(n), we found that CC of a protein is a reflection of its modularity. Moreover, the core components of complexes identified in a recent high-throughput experiment, characterized by high CC, have lower PD than that of the attachments. Subsequently, 2 types of hub were identified by their degree, CC and Q(n). Although PD of intramodular hubs is much less than the network average, PD of intermodular hubs is comparable to, or even higher than, the network average. Our results suggest that high CC, and thus high modularity, pose strong evolutionary constraints on gene duplicability, and gene duplication prefers to happen in the sparse part of PINs.

Cluster Analysis↗

PubMed2006

Elevated activity of STAT3C due to higher DNA binding affinity of phosphotyrosine dimer rather than covalent dimer formation.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are involved in cell proliferation and survival, aspects of tissue differentiation and immune function. STAT3 appears to be fundamentally important for vertebrate organisms, being required for the self-renewal of embryonal stem cells in response to leukemia inhibitory factor signaling and for proliferation of some somatic cell types. Moreover, STAT3 is up-regulated in a range of tumors, and a modified version of STAT3 (STAT3C) has been shown to function as an oncogene, whereas inhibition of STAT3 can suppress tumor cell growth. The constitutive activity of oncogenic STAT3C was reported to depend on spontaneous dimerization directed by disulfide bonds in the absence of tyrosine phosphorylation. In fact, tyrosine phosphorylation consequent upon cytokine or mitogen-induced signaling events remains obligatory for STAT3C activation. Instead, the DNA-binding affinity of phospho-STAT3C is elevated resulting in a faster on-rate and slower off-rate. The faster on-rate sensitizes STAT3C to cytokine stimulation, and the slower off-rate protects it from inactivation by nuclear phosphatases. These changes account for the ability of STAT3C to up-regulate persistently the expression of STAT3 target genes and promote cell cycle progression.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of histological techniques for quantifying haemodialysis arteriovenous (AV) graft hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Assessing treatment efficacies for preventing haemodialysis arteriovenous (AV) graft stenosis requires a reproducible method for quantifying intimal hyperplasia. We identified sources of variability in three histological methods for assessing hyperplasia in a porcine AV graft model. METHODS: Carotid-jugular synthetic grafts were placed in pigs. After explantation at 3-6 weeks, the tissue was stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome or elastic tissue Van Gieson (EVG) stains and examined histologically. Hyperplasia at the anastomosis of 14 grafts was quantified using three different methods, each by four blinded observers. These methods were visual scoring, ratio of intima-to-media surface area (I/M ratio), and ratio of intra-graft hyperplasia to graft surface area (H/G ratio) at the graft-vessel interface. RESULTS: The EVG stain proved superior in delineation of the elastic lamina yet quantification of the intimal and medial layers was still often difficult. This is illustrated by the greater inter-observer median coefficient of variances (CV) found using the I/M ratio method (intimal area CV=13.7%; medial area CV=32.7%; I/M ratio CV=44.0%) than with the H/G method (intra-graft hyperplasia area CV=7.3%, graft area CV=5.3%; H/G ratio CV=6.9%) or by visual scoring (CV=26.8%). The H/G ratios correlated positively with visual scores (r=0.941; P=0.0007; n=14) and the I/M ratio (r=0.719; P=0.0095; n=14). While hyperplasia was seen in both native vessel and graft lumen, in only one of the 14 anastomoses was the degree of hyperplasia greater in the native vessel than in the graft lumen, suggesting that the degree of hyperplasia occurring within the graft lumen predicted the total hyperplasia around the anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS: The H/G method for assessing hyperplasia is preferred in a porcine model of AV graft because it is quantitative, less variable and does not require the delineation of the elastic lamina, although it infrequently underestimates the total hyperplasia that occurs.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

X-ray microscopy studies of protein adsorption on a phase-segregated polystyrene/polymethyl methacrylate surface. 1. Concentration and exposure-time dependence for albumin adsorption.

X-ray photoemission electron microscopy using synchrotron radiation illumination has been used to measure the spatial distributions of albumin on a phase-segregated polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) polymer thin film following adsorption from unbuffered, deionized aqueous solutions under a range of solution concentrations and exposure times. Chemical mapping of the albumin, PS, and PMMA shows that the distribution of albumin on different adsorption sites (PS, PMMA, and the interface between the PS and PMMA domains) changes depending on the concentration of the albumin solution and the exposure time. The preferred sites of absorption at low concentration and short exposure are the PS/PMMA interfaces. Albumin shows a stronger preference for the PS domains than the PMMA domains. The exposure-time dependence suggests that a dynamic equilibrium between albumin in solution and adsorbed on PS domains is established in a shorter time than is required for equilibrating albumin between the solution and the PMMA domains. The explanation of these preferences in terms of possible adsorption mechanisms is discussed.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Expression of tumor-associated antigens in acute myeloid leukemia: Implications for specific immunotherapeutic approaches.

The expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) might play a critical role in the control of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and therefore might be associated with clinical outcome in AML. In a DNA microarray analysis of 116 AML samples, we found a significant correlation between high mRNA levels of G250/CA9 and longer overall survival (P = .022), a similar trend with high mRNA levels of PRAME (P = .103), and a hint for RHAMM/HMMR. In contrast, for other TAAs like WT1, TERT, PRTN3, BCL2, and LAMR1, we found no correlation with clinical outcome. High expression of at least 1 of the 3 TAAs, RHAMM/HMMR, PRAME, or G250/CA9, provided the strongest favorable prognostic effect (P = .005). Specific T-cell responses were detected in 8 (47%) of 17 patients with AML in complete remission for RHAMM/HMMR-R3 peptide, in 7 (70%) of 10 for PRAME-P3 peptide, and in 6 (60%) of 10 for newly characterized G250/CA9-G2 peptide, a significant increased immune response compared with patients with AML patients who had refractory disease (P < .001). Furthermore, we could demonstrate specific lysis of T2 cells presenting these epitope peptides. In conclusion, expression of the TAAs RHAMM/HMMR, PRAME, and G250/CA9 can induce strong antileukemic immune responses, possibly enabling MRD control. Thus, these TAAs represent interesting targets for polyvalent immunotherapeutic approaches in AML.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Determination of azelnidipine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method for the determination of azelnidipine in human plasma was established. Nicardipine was used as the internal standard (IS). After adjustment to a basic pH with sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 M), plasma samples were extracted with cyclohexane-diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and separated on a C(18) column with a mobile phase of 20 mM ammonium acetate solution-methanol-formic acid (25:75:0.5, v/v). The electrospray ionization was employed in a single quadrupole mass spectrometer for the determination. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-40 ng/ml. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.05 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-run standard deviations were less than 9.5% and 11.0%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of azelnidipine in healthy Chinese volunteers.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Determination of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol in water samples by fluorescence spectrophotometer after anionic surfactant micelle-mediated extraction with sodium dodecylsulfate.

Anionic surfactant micelle-mediated extraction with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was applied as preconcentration step prior to fluorescence spectrophotometer without further cleanup step. The obtained surfactant-rich phase was diluted to a fixed volume with water-miscible solvents. Carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol were used as test compounds. The detection limits (LODs) of the method were in the microgram per liter area. Recoveries obtained from four real water samples ranged from 90.7 to 98.6%. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the method described showed a good precision, with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of less than 6%. According to the results, this approach reduced the viscidity of the surfactant-rich phase and made the combination of fluorescence spectrophotometer with anionic surfactant micelle-mediated extraction much easier.

Anions↗

PubMed2006

Degradation of carbazole and its derivatives by a Pseudomonas sp.

Carbazole, carbazoles with monomethyl or dimethyls substituted on different positions (C(1)-carbazoles or C(2)-carbazoles), and benzocarbazoles, as toxic and mutagenic components of petroleum and creosote contamination, were biodegradable by an isolated bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. XLDN4-9. C(1)-carbazoles were degraded in preference to carbazole and C(2)-carbazoles. The biodegradation of C(1)-carbazoles or C(2)-carbazoles was influenced by the positions of methyl substitutions. Among C(1)-carbazole isomers, 1-methyl carbazole was the most susceptible. C(2)-carbazole isomers with substitutions on the same benzo-nucleus were more susceptible at a concentration of less than 3.4 microg g(-1) petroleum, especially when harboring one substitution on position 1. In particular, 1,5-dimethyl carbazole was the most recalcitrant dimethyl isomer.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2006

Humans can perceive heading without visual path information.

It has previously been reported that humans can determine their direction of 3D translation (heading) from the 2D velocity field of retinal motion experienced during self-motion through a rigid environment, as is done by current computational models of visual heading estimation from optic flow. However, these claims were supported by studies that used stimuli that contained low rotational flow rates and/or additional visual cues beyond the velocity field or a task in which observers were asked to indicate their future trajectory of self-motion (path). Thus, previous conclusions about heading estimation have been confounded by the presence of other visual factors beyond the velocity field, by the use of a path-estimation task, or both. In particular, path estimation involves an exocentric computation with respect to an environmental reference, whereas heading estimation is an egocentric computation with respect to one's line of sight. Here, we use a heading-adjustment task to demonstrate that humans can precisely estimate their heading from the velocity field, independent of visual information about path, displacement, layout, or acceleration, with accuracy robust to rotation rates at least as high as 20 deg/s. Our findings show that instantaneous velocity-field information about heading is directly available for the visual control of locomotion and steering.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

SNP genotyping by multiplex amplification and microarrays assay for forensic application.

OBJECTIVE: Research on the application feasibility of SNP genotyping for forensic identification by microarrays. METHODS: Oligonucleotide microarrays which could detect 34 different SNPs were used. After hybridization and washing, the arrays were scanned and fluorescence intensities analyzed using Microarray software. Population studies on 34 SNP loci were carried out in a sample of 109 unrelated Chinese Han individuals using oligonucleotide microarrays for genotype detection. The method was also applied to cases. RESULTS: According to the results of population studies, no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could be found. Among the 34 loci, 3 SNPs were low informative, 4 were medium informative and 27 were high informative. The combination discrimination power (CDP) of the 31 optimal polymorphic SNPs was 0.9999999999979. The matching probability was 2.13 x 10(-12). The average exclusion probability in paternity testing for duos was 0.9609. The average exclusion probability in paternity testing for trios was 0.9970. CONCLUSION: The data and case application demonstrated that SNP typing by oligonucleotide probe microarrays was a useful technique for paternity testing and individual identification. Combined with the 28 SNPs loci distributed on HLA-DRB1 and ABO genes, the combination discrimination power (CDP) was 0.9999999999999910. The matching probability was 9.02 x 10(-15). The average exclusion probabilities in duos and in trios were 0.9894 and 0.9992, respectively. It may be concluded that the 59 SNPs loci yield the same power in forensic identification as CODIS STRs currently used.

China↗

PubMed2006

Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine.

UNLABELLED: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations. RESULTS: All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.

Animals↗