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Lihua Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Lihua Wang.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Characterization of three ascovirus isolates from cotton insects.

Three new ascovirus isolates were discovered from lepidopteran larvae in cotton fields in Blackville, South Carolina, USA, and were named TnAV-2c, TnAV-2d, and HvAV-3f. TnAV-2c and TnAV-2d were compared by restriction endonuclease (REN) profiles and found to be similar. HvAV-3f was isolated from Helicoverpa zea, and bears remarkable dissimilarity in REN profiles to the reported SeAV-5a from Spodoptera exigua but DNA hybridization shows they are closely related. Major capsid protein (MCP) and delta DNA polymerase from the three isolates were sequenced, which suggests the three isolates are novel. Phylogenetic analyses showed that TnAV-2c is distantly related to other lepidopteran ascoviruses. HvAV-3f and SeAV-5a may also be variants of the same species based on Southern, Western, and MCP/DNA polymerase gene sequence analyses. High levels of TnAV-2 infection in an H. zea population (as high as 74%) were recorded in a cotton field in Blackville, SC. Observations in this field showed that infection by ascovirus altered the feeding behavior of H. zea larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Accommodation of a 1S-(-)-benzo[c]phenanthrenyl-N6-dA adduct in the Y-family Dpo4 DNA polymerase active site: structural insights through molecular dynamics simulations.

Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to elucidate feasible structures in the Y-family Dpo4 DNA polymerase for the 1S-(-)-trans-anti-B[c]Ph-N6-dA adduct, derived from the fjord region polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[c]phenanthrene. Three types of models were delineated as follows: an intercalation model, a model with the aromatic ring system in the polymerase major groove open pocket, and a -1 deletion major groove model. All four 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) were considered in the first two cases, and a normal Watson-Crick partner positioned to have skipped the modified template was employed as the incoming dNTP in the -1 deletion case. The trajectories derived from the dynamics simulations were analyzed in detail to evaluate the extents of distortion for each system. Overall, our results suggest that the major groove model is the least distorted, followed by the -1 deletion model, while the intercalation model is perturbed the most. The syn-dGTP and syn-dATP mismatches opposite the lesion are well-accommodated in the major groove model, as is the normal Watson-Crick partner dTTP. The intercalation model appears most likely to impede the polymerase. More broadly, these models look reasonable for other PAH metabolite-derived adducts to adenine with similar 1S stereochemistry. Furthermore, these models suggest how error-prone translesion synthesis by Y-family polymerases might produce mutations that may play a role in the initiation of cancer.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2005

Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on levels of urinary hormone markers.

Our recent study showed a dose-response relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk of early pregnancy loss. Smoking is known to affect female reproductive hormones. We explored whether ETS affects reproductive hormone profiles as characterized by urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugate (E1C) levels. We prospectively studied 371 healthy newly married nonsmoking women in China who intended to conceive and had stopped contraception. Daily records of vaginal bleeding, active and passive cigarette smoking, and daily first-morning urine specimens were collected for up to 1 year or until a clinical pregnancy was achieved. We determined the day of ovulation for each menstrual cycle. The effects of ETS exposure on daily urinary PdG and E1C levels in a +/-10 day window around the day of ovulation were analyzed for conception and nonconception cycles, respectively. Our analysis included 344 nonconception cycles and 329 conception cycles. In nonconception cycles, cycles with ETS exposure had significantly lower urinary E1C levels (beta = -0.43, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001 in log scale) compared with the cycles without ETS exposure. There was no significant difference in urinary PdG levels in cycles having ETS exposure (beta = -0.07, SE = 0.15, p = 0.637 in log scale) compared with no ETS exposure. Among conception cycles, there were no significant differences in E1C and PdG levels between ETS exposure and nonexposure. In conclusion, ETS exposure was associated with significantly lower urinary E1C levels among nonconception cycles, suggesting that the adverse reproductive effect of ETS may act partly through its antiestrogen effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Risk factors and preventive steps for nasosinusitis after radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors and preventive steps of nasosinusitis after radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHOD: Two hundreds and thirtyone NPC patients were retrospectively analysed. RESULT: Among 231 NPC patients, 98 patients (42.4%) had nasosinusitis before radiotherapy, 165 patients (66.7%) suffered from nasosinusitis after radiotherapy. The rate of nasosinusitis in NPC patients with high T stage and nasalcavity anatomical aberrance was higher than in others (P = 0.014, CR = 1. 973; P = 0. 034, OR = 2.156), and the rate of nasosinusitis in NPC patients with nasopharynx therapy was low (P = 0.008, OR = 0.675), most patients with nasosinusitis before radiotherapy had not any improve after radiotherapy,and effected the effect of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: To reduce nasosinusitis after radiotherapy and improve patients quality of life, we suggest that nasopharyngeal cavity therapy should be carried out during and after irradiation for NPC patients, especially for those patients with high T stage and nasalcavity anatomical aberrance, and for those who had nasosinusitis before radiotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in Hep-2 by survivin gene targeting in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To study induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in Hep-2 by survivin gene targeting. METHOD: Antisense survivin RNA expression vector was constructed and then was transfected to human laryngeal carcinoma cell line Hep-2 by lipofectamine. HpEGFP/survivin cells were abstained by using G418. The level of survivin protein before and after transfection was determined by Western blot. Proliferation activity was measured by MTT assay. The experiment of colony formation in soft agar was carried out. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and acridine orange (AO). RESULT: After antisense survivin RNA plasmids were transfected, the level of survivin protein was inhibited in Hep-2. Compared with control, proliferation of HpEGFP/survivin cells transfected with the recombinant of antisense survivin RNA were suppressed significantly. The experiment of colony formation in soft agar showed the ability of colony formation decreased in HpEGFP/survivin cells compared to control (P <0.05). Apoptosis rate increased about 1.81 folds compared with control. CONCLUSION: The recombination antisense survivin RNA plasmid can partly inhibit the level of survivin protein expression in Hep-2. Antisense survivin RNA can induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 by down-regulating the expression of endogenous survivin in vitro.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

Co-operative functions between nuclear factors NFkappaB and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) regulate the IL-6 promoter in autocrine human prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: IL-6 is a growth and survival factor for prostate cancer cells through autocrine pathways. Here, we have systematically examined the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of IL-6 in autocrine prostate cancer cells. METHODS: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine IL-6 production in the cells. Serial mutant IL-6 promoter luciferase reporters were generated and their transcriptional activities were examined. The transcription factors involved in IL-6 regulation were identified with super-shift EMSA. Overexpression of NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta, and blockade of NFkappaB with IkappaBalpha or CAPE were performed to demonstrate the cooperation between NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta in activation of IL-6. RESULTS: Transcription factor regulatory sites IL6-NFkappaB, IL6-C/EBP, IL6-CREB, and IL6-AP1, are responsive to constitutively activated IL-6 production in autocrine prostate cancer cell lines. Among these sites, IL6-AP1 and IL6-C/EBP appear most important, while IL6-NFkappaB shows the least effect for IL-6 promoter activity as determined by mutant IL-6 promoter luciferase reporter assay. Nevertheless, nuclear factor NFkappaB is activated and required. Such activation is minimally dependent upon the IL6-NFkappaB site, occurring through cooperation with other transcription factors that bind the IL-6 promoter. Cooperation between NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta did not require a functional IL6-NFkappaB binding site. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a unique role for NFkappaB p65 as the primary trigger in autocrine production of IL-6 in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we describe a novel transcriptional activation mechanism for NFkappaB that is independent of its regulatory binding site, occurring through cooperation with other transcription factors that facilitate the neighboring regulatory site.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

NF-kappaB activates IL-6 expression through cooperation with c-Jun and IL6-AP1 site, but is independent of its IL6-NFkappaB regulatory site in autocrine human multiple myeloma cells.

IL-6 stimulates the growth and survival of a variety of tumors. In multiple myeloma (MM), IL-6 prevents spontaneous, drug-induced, and Fas-induced apoptosis. The sources of IL-6 in multiple myeloma appear to be both autocrine and paracrine in nature, with autocrine MM cells exhibiting a constitutively activated expression of the cytokine. Here we present a systematic analysis of the functional roles of the four major transcriptional regulatory sites present in the IL-6 promoter region, IL6-NFkappaB, IL6-C/EBP, IL6-CREB and IL6-AP1. Among these regulatory sites, IL6-AP1 is the most important cis-regulatory site, and plays a vital role in the constitutive expression of IL-6 in IM9 cells. Conversely, the IL6-CREB site, when bound by the transcription factor CREB, exhibits a repression of IL-6 autocrine expression, a result of possible steric hinderence of C/EBP-beta, due to the close proximity and site overlap between the IL6-C/EBP and IL6-CREB sites. Uniquely, although the presence of NF-kappaB protein is fundamental for constitutive expression of IL-6, a functional NF-kappaB site on the IL-6 promoter region is not required. The mechanism of NF-kappaB activation of IL-6 appears to occur through the cooperation with c-Jun protein, that constitutively occupies the IL6-AP1 site, and this indicates a novel transcriptional mechanism for NF-kappaB in the activation of NF-kappaB-driven genes.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta↗
PubMed2004

A common haplotype of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit gene is associated with vulnerability to nicotine addiction in men.

Nicotine is the major addictive substance in cigarettes, and genes involved in sensing nicotine are logical candidates for vulnerability to nicotine addiction. We studied six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNA4 gene and four SNPs in the CHRNB2 gene with respect to nicotine dependence in a collection of 901 subjects (815 siblings and 86 parents) from 222 nuclear families with multiple nicotine-addicted siblings. The subjects were assessed for addiction by both the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Revised Tolerance Questionnaire (RTQ). Because only 5.8% of female offspring were smokers, only male subjects were included in the final analyses (621 men from 206 families). Univariate (single-marker) family-based association tests (FBATs) demonstrated that variant alleles at two SNPs, rs1044396 and rs1044397, in exon 5 of the CHRNA4 gene were significantly associated with a protective effect against nicotine addiction as either a dichotomized trait or a quantitative phenotype (i.e., age-adjusted FTND and RTQ scores), which was consistent with the results of the global haplotype FBAT. Furthermore, the haplotype-specific FBAT showed a common (22.5%) CHRNA4 haplotype, GCTATA, which was significantly associated with both a protective effect against nicotine addiction as a dichotomized trait (Z=-3.04, P<.005) and significant decreases of age-adjusted FTND (Z=-3.31, P<.005) or RTQ scores (Z=-2.73, P=.006). Our findings provide strong evidence suggesting a common CHRNA4 haplotype might be protective against vulnerability to nicotine addiction in men.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy.

Results of studies on paternal smoking and spontaneous abortions have been inconsistent. The authors examined the effect of paternal smoking on the risk of pregnancy loss in a prospective cohort of 526 newly married, nonsmoking, female textile workers in China between 1996 and 1998. Upon stopping contraception, subjects provided daily urine specimens and records of vaginal bleeding for up to 1 year or until clinical pregnancy. Daily urinary human chorionic gonadotropin was assayed to detect conception and early pregnancy losses, and pregnancies were followed to detect clinical spontaneous abortions. Subjects were grouped by the number of cigarettes that husbands reported smoking daily: nonsmokers (group 1, n = 216), fewer than 20 cigarettes (group 2, n = 239), and 20 or more cigarettes (group 3, n = 71). Compared with that for group 1, the adjusted odds ratio of early pregnancy loss of any conception for group 2 was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.63) and for group 3 was 1.81 (95% CI: 1.00, 3.29). The adjusted hazard ratio of conception for group 2 was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.18) and for group 3 was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.39), while the adjusted hazard ratio of clinical pregnancy for group 2 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.20) and for group 3 was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.12). The authors conclude that heavy paternal smoking increased the risk of early pregnancy loss through maternal and/or paternal exposure.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Activation of discoidin domain receptor 1 isoform b with collagen up-regulates chemokine production in human macrophages: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappa B.

Macrophages produce an array of proinflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation and contribute to the development of inflammatory responses. Important roles for cytokines, such as IL-1 or TNF-alpha, and bacterial products, such as LPS, in this process have been well documented; however, the role for the extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, remains unclear. We previously reported that discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a nonintegrin collagen receptor, is expressed during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages, and the interaction of the DDR1b isoform with collagen facilitates their differentiation via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In this study, we report that the interaction of DDR1b with collagen up-regulates the production of IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human macrophages in a p38 MAPK- and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. p38 MAPK was critical for DDR1b-mediated, increased NF-kappaB trans-activity, but not for IkappaB degradation or NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, suggesting a role for p38 MAPK in the modification of NF-kappaB. DDR1b-mediated IkappaB degradation was mediated through the recruitment of the adaptor protein Shc to the LXNPXY motif of the receptor and the downstream TNFR-associated factor 6/NF-kappaB activator 1 signaling cascade. Taken together, our study has identified NF-kappaB as a novel target of DDR1b signaling and provided a novel mechanism by which tissue-infiltrating macrophages produce large amounts of chemokines during the development of inflammatory diseases. Intervention of DDR1b signaling may be useful to control inflammatory diseases in which these proteins play an important role.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Structural and stereoisomer effects of model estrogen quinone-derived DNA adducts: N6-(2-hydroxyestron-6(alpha,beta)-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine and N2-(2-hydroxyestron-6(alpha,beta)-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine.

An extensive conformational analysis has been carried out for two diastereoisomeric pairs of model estrogen quinone-derived DNA adducts, N6-(2-hydroxyestron-6(alpha,beta)-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-OHE1-6(alpha,beta)-N6-dA) and N2-(2-hydroxyestron-6(alpha,beta)-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (2-OHE1-6(alpha,beta)-N2-dG), in a B-DNA duplex and at a primer-template junction in a pol alpha family DNA polymerase. In vitro primer extension studies in pol alpha [Terashima, I., et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 13807-13815] have shown that the adenine adducts can incorporate dT, together with a small proportion of the incorrect base dC opposite the lesion, and they block less strongly than the guanine adducts. We have carried out conformational searches with energy minimization for four DNA duplexes containing 2-OHE1-6alpha-N6-dA, 2-OHE1-6beta-N6-dA, 2-OHE1-6alpha-N2-dG, or 2-OHE1-6beta-N2-dG. Our searches revealed that the four-ring nonplanar 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) moiety strongly prefers to reside in the major groove of the adenine adducts or the minor groove of the guanine adducts in a B-DNA duplex, with stereochemistry-dependent orientational differences in each case. No low energy conformations involving intercalation of the 2-OHE1 moiety were located in the searches. This stems from the largely nonplanar, nonaromatic nature of the 2-OHE1 ring system and implies that the proclivity for such bulky, nonplanar adducts to reside at the DNA helix exterior is a plausible conformational feature of other structurally similar estrogen quinone-derived DNA adducts, independent of base sequence context. In addition, the adenine adduct isomers, located in the major groove, manifest serious disturbance to the Watson-Crick base pairs at and near the lesion site, suggesting repair susceptibility. Possible structures of these adducts in a pol alpha family polymerase were also investigated through molecular modeling. The results rationalized the experimental in vitro primer extension studies. In addition, poor accommodation of the beta-stereoisomers within the polymerase was noted, suggesting that these stereoisomers would be more prone to cause blockage. Stereochemistry-dependent differences in adduct orientation could be expected to produce different biochemical effects, as has been observed in adducts derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

DNA Adducts↗
PubMed2004

Preconception hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations are associated with pregnancy outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women.

Prenatal anemia and iron deficiency are associated with adverse birth outcomes, but no previous studies have examined the relation between preconception anemia, iron deficiency, and pregnancy outcome in healthy women. We measured hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, transferrin receptor (TfR), and vitamins B-6, B-12, and folate concentrations before pregnancy in 405 Chinese women (median time from sample collection to gestation end = 316 d). Both mild (95 </= Hb < 120 g/L) and moderate (Hb < 95 g/L) anemia were significantly associated with lower birthweight (139 and 192 g, respectively); iron-deficiency anemia alone (Hb < 120 g, ferritin < 12 microg/L, no B-vitamin deficiency) was associated with a 242-g decrease in birthweight. Both low (<12 microg/L) and high (>/=60 microg/L) ferritin were also significantly associated with lower birthweight (106 and 123 g, respectively). The risks of low birthweight (LBW) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) were significantly greater among women with moderate anemia compared with nonanemic controls [odds ratio (OR): 6.5; 95% CI: 1.6, 26.7; P = 0.009 and OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 1.5, 13.5; P = 0.006, respectively]. TfR and low ferritin were not associated with adverse birth outcome, but elevated ferritin, which could be a marker of inflammation, was associated with increased risk of LBW (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 0.9, 5.7; P = 0.09) and FGR (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3, 5.6; P = 0.008). Preconception anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia, was associated with reduced infant growth and increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in Chinese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Polymorphisms of the paraoxonase gene and risk of preterm delivery.

BACKGROUND: Human paraoxonase (PON) is an enzyme involved in vasodilation and thrombosis. Disruption of blood blow through the placenta could be part of the pathophysiological mechanism leading to preterm delivery. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between polymorphisms in 2 paraoxonase genes (PON1 and PON2) and preterm delivery. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using infant-parents triads in Anqing, China. Between July 1999 and June 2001, we enrolled the families of 105 infants born at term and 80 infants born preterm. Genotyping was performed for the polymorphisms of PON1 Q192R, PON2 A148G, and PON2 S311C using standard techniques. We used log-linear modeling to analyze the association of PON1 and PON2 gene polymorphisms with the risk of preterm delivery. RESULTS: In the analysis of children's genotypes, the relative risk was 3.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-11) for PON1 RR compared with PON1 QQ. An association was also seen for PON2 CC compared with PON2 SS (relative risk = 4.6; CI = 1.5-14). There was no association between the mother's PON1 and PON2 genotypes and preterm delivery, and we did not observe an interaction between mothers' and children's genotypes. Analysis of control triads suggests Mendelian transmissions of the variant alleles of PON1 192R, PON2 148G, and PON2 311C. CONCLUSION: Infant PON1 RR and PON2 CC genotypes were associated with preterm delivery in our study population, which suggests a possible role for human paraoxonase variability in the etiology of preterm delivery.

Aryldialkylphosphatase↗
PubMed2004

[Nitrogen cycling and its dynamic feature in fine roots of poplar trees and herbs].

The nitrogen cycling and its dynamic feature in fine roots of poplar trees and herbs were studied in Shenyang of Liaoning Province. The results showed that the nitrogen content in the standing biomass of fine roots of poplar trees and herbs was 20.3 kg.hm-2, and its net accumulation was 10.0 kg.hm-2. With regard to the biological cycling of nitrogen, the annual uptake was 14.6 kg.hm-2 of which, the retention and the return was 9.6 and 5.1 kg.hm-2.yr-1 respectively, and the turnover period was 4 year. The relationship between total nitrogen in roots of poplar trees, and herbs and the available nitrogen in soil was also studied, which indicated that there were similar dynamic trends between total nitrogen in herb roots and the NH3-N in soil in growth season. The total nitrogen in fine roots of poplar trees was positively related to the biomass.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

[Morphologic study of nasolacrimal duct mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the features of nasolacrimal duct MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), and to explore the aetiology of chronic dacryocystitis. METHOD: The mucous of nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity, pharyngeal and trachea of 20 rabbits were studied, and the lymphoid tissue and HEV of them were compared. RESULT: The number of lymphoid follicle and HEV in nasolacrimal duct epidermis were less than that in nasal cavity, pharyngeal and trachea (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In normal condition the immune response of nasolacrimal duct membranae is lower than other mucosa of head-neck.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Transcriptional crosstalk between nuclear receptors and cytokine signal transduction pathways in immunity.

The nuclear receptor superfamily and the transcriptional factors associated with cytokines are inherently different families of signaling molecules and activate gene transcription by binding to their respective responsive element. However, it has become increasingly clear from our works and others that nuclear receptors are important regulators of cytokine production and function through complex and varied interactions between these distinct transcriptional factors. This review provides a general overview of the mechanism of action of nuclear receptors and their transcriptional crosstalk with transcriptional factors associated with cytokine transduction pathways. One of the most important mechanistic aspects is protein to protein interaction through a direct or co-regulator-mediated indirect manner. Such crosstalk is crucially involved in physiological and therapeutic roles of nuclear receptors and their ligands in immunity, inflammation and cytokine-related tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Vitamin A deficiency inhibits intestinal adaptation by modulating apoptosis, proliferation, and enterocyte migration.

In a prior study, vitamin A-deficient rats subjected to submassive small bowel resections did not mount a normal intestinal adaptive response by 10 days postoperatively, although adaptive increases in crypt cell proliferation were not attenuated and there were no differences in apoptotic indexes. The present study was designed to address the mechanisms by which vitamin A status effects adaptation by analyzing proliferation, apoptosis, and enterocyte migration in the early postoperative period (16 and 48 h) in vitamin A-sufficient, -deficient, and partially replenished sham-resected and resected rats. At 16 h postresection, apoptosis was significantly greater in the remnant ileum of resected vitamin A-deficient rats compared with the sufficient controls. Crypt cell proliferation was increased by resection in all dietary groups at both timepoints. However, at 48 h postresection, proliferation was significantly decreased in the vitamin A-deficient and partially replenished rats. By 48 h after resection, vitamin A deficiency also reduced enterocyte migration rates by 44%. This occurred in conjunction with decreased immunoreactive collagen IV at 48 h and 10 days postoperation. Laminin expression was also reduced by deficiency at 10 days postresection, whereas fibronectin and pancadherin were unchanged at 48 h and 10 days. These studies indicate that vitamin A deficiency inhibits intestinal adaptation following partial small bowel resection by reducing crypt cell proliferation, by enhancing early crypt cell apoptosis, and by markedly reducing enterocyte migration rates, which may be related to changes in the expression of collagen IV and other extracellular matrix components.

Adaptation, Physiological↗