Biomedical subjects

Linda S Pescatello

Publications and source records attributed to Linda S Pescatello.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Dose-response effects of isometric wall squats on postexercise hypotension in older women with hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: The isometric wall squat (IWS) is a promising nonpharmacological intervention for blood pressure (BP) management, but its optimal dosage in older adults remains unclear. This study compared postexercise hypotension (PEH) after two IWS doses in medicated older women with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). METHODS: Thirty older hypertensive women (68.8 ± 10.0 years) were randomized into three groups: control (CG), 8-min IWS (G8-IWS; 4 × 2-min sets), and 12-min IWS (G12-IWS; 6 × 2-min sets). BP and heart rate (HR) were assessed at rest and at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min postexercise and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni correction ( P  < 0.05). RESULTS: G12-IWS significantly reduced systolic BP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 45-60 min and 30-60 min postexercise ( P  < 0.05), while G8-IWS showed no BP changes. G12-IWS decreased HR (30-60 min) and rate-pressure product (RPP; 15-60 min); G8-IWS reduced RPP from 30 to 60 min only. Diastolic BP and pulse pressure remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSION: A single G12-IWS session induced clinically meaningful PEH (~8-10 mmHg), exceeding reported with isometric handgrip exercise (~4-6 mmHg), with greater RPP suppression than G8-IWS. This equipment-free protocol represents a relevant nonpharmacological strategy for BP management in older women with SAH.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Dietary calcium intake and renin angiotensin system polymorphisms alter the blood pressure response to aerobic exercise: a randomized control design.

BACKGROUND: Dietary calcium intake and the renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulate blood pressure (BP) by modulating calcium homeostasis. Despite similar BP regulatory effects, the influence of dietary calcium intake alone and combined with RAS polymorphisms on the BP response following acute aerobic exercise (i.e., postexercise hypotension) has not been studied. Thus, we examined the effect of dietary calcium intake and selected RAS polymorphisms on postexercise hypotension. METHODS: Subjects were men (n = 50, 43.8 +/- 1.3 yr) with high BP (145.3 +/- 1.5/85.9 +/- 1.1 mm Hg). They completed three experiments: non-exercise control and two cycle bouts at 40% and 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects provided 3 d food records on five protocol-specific occasions. Dietary calcium intake was averaged and categorized as low (<880 mg/d = LowCa) or high (> or = 880 mg/d = HighCa). RAS polymorphisms (angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, ACE I/D; angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1R A/C) were analyzed with molecular methods. Genotypes were reduced from three to two: ACE II/ID and ACE DD; or AT1R AA and AT1R CC/AC. Repeated measure ANCOVA tested if BP differed among experiments, dietary calcium intake level and RAS polymorphisms. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) decreased 6 mm Hg after 40% and 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h with LowCa (p < 0.01), but not with HighCa (p > or = 0.05). Under these conditions, diastolic BP (DBP) did not differ between dietary calcium intake levels (p > or = 0.05). With LowCa, SBP decreased after 60% VO2max versus non-exercise control for 10 h among ACE II/ID (6 mm Hg) and AT1R AA (8 mm Hg); and by 8 mm Hg after 40% VO2max among ACE DD and AT1R CC/CA (p < 0.01). With HighCa, SBP (8 mm Hg) and DBP (4 mm Hg) decreased after 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h (p < 0.05), but not after 40% VO2max (p > or = 0.05). CONCLUSION: SBP decreased after exercise compared to non-exercise control among men with low but not high dietary calcium intake. Dietary calcium intake interacted with the ACE I/D and AT1R A/C polymorphisms to further modulate postexercise hypotension. Interactions among dietary calcium intake, exercise intensity and RAS polymorphisms account for some of the variability in the BP response to exercise.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Peak systolic blood pressure on a graded maximal exercise test and the blood pressure response to an acute bout of submaximal exercise.

Blood pressure (BP) is immediately reduced after aerobic exercise (postexercise hypotension [PEH]). Whether peak systolic BP on a maximal graded exercise stress test (GEST) relates to PEH is not known. This study examined associations between peak systolic BP on a GEST and PEH. Subjects were 50 men (mean +/- SEM age 43.8 +/- 1.3 years) with elevated BP (145.3 +/- 1.5/85.9 +/-1.1 mm Hg). Men completed a GEST and 3 experiments: nonexercise control and 2 cycle bouts at 40% (LIGHT) and 60% (MODERATE) of maximal oxygen consumption. After the experiments, subjects left the laboratory wearing ambulatory BP monitors. Peak systolic BP on a GEST was categorized into tertiles: low (n = 17, 197.4 +/- 2.0 mm Hg), medium (n = 16, 218.4 +/- 1.4 mm Hg), and high (n = 17, 248.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg). Repeated-measures analysis of variance tested if BP differed over time and among experimental conditions and peak systolic BP groups. In men with high peak systolic BP, systolic BP was reduced by 7.3 +/- 2.6 mm Hg after LIGHT and by 5.0 +/- 2.2 mm Hg after MODERATE compared with nonexercise control over 10 hours, with the more apparent effects seen after LIGHT (p <0.05). In men with low peak systolic BP, systolic BP was reduced by 6.3 +/- 2.3 mm Hg after MODERATE compared with nonexercise control over 10 hours (p <0.05). In men with medium peak systolic BP, systolic BP was not different after exercise compared with nonexercise control over 10 hours (p >or=0.05). Men with high peak systolic BP had decreased systolic BP to the greatest extent after LIGHT, whereas men with low peak systolic BP reduced systolic BP after MODERATE. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that peak systolic BP on a GEST may be used to characterize which men with hypertension will have decreased systolic BP after acute submaximal aerobic exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

RAAS polymorphisms alter the acute blood pressure response to aerobic exercise among men with hypertension.

Limited evidence suggests renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) polymorphisms alter the blood pressure (BP) response to aerobic exercise training. We examined if RAAS polymorphisms influenced postexercise hypotension in men with high normal to Stage 1 hypertension. Forty-seven men (44.2+/-1.4 years, 145.1+/-1.6/85.5+/-1.1 mmHg) randomly completed three experiments: seated rest (control) and two cycle exercise bouts at 40% (LITE) and 60% (MOD) of maximal oxygen consumption. Ambulating BP was measured for 14 h after each experiment. RAAS polymorphisms associated with hypertension (i.e. angiotensin converting I enzyme, ACE I/D; angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1R A/C; and intron 2 of aldosterone synthase, Int2 W/C) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. Repeated measure ANOVA tested if BP differed between experimental conditions by RAAS genotypes. Compared to men with 0-2 variant alleles, men with > or =3 combined RAAS variant alleles had lower average systolic BP (SBP) (P=0.030) and lower average diastolic BP (DBP) (P=0.009) for 14 h only after LITE. In contrast, average BP was not different for MOD and control between RAAS variant allele groups over this time period (P> or =0.05). LITE reduced BP in men with > or =3 variant RAAS alleles for 14 h, whereas MOD had no influence on BP in these men. In order to optimally prescribe exercise for its BP lowering benefits in those with hypertension, additional knowledge of how genetic variation affects the BP response to exercise is needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Cardiovascular health status and health risk assessment method of preference among worksite employees.

We investigated whether employees (n = 62) selecting a self-report Health Risk Assessment (HRA) would be at increased CVD risk compared to employees (n = 114) choosing an HRA with measurement of cardiovascular (CVD) health indicators. Participants were mostly middle-aged (44.1 +/- 0.8 yr) men (71.6%) displaying borderline features of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Although there were no significant differences between the groups regarding their measured CVD health status or self-reported lifestyle habits, employees in both groups consistently over-stated their level of cardiovascular health. Contrary to reports in the literature, cardiovascular health status did not appear to influence employee HRA method of preference.Editors' Strategic Implications: These findings await replication in other samples, both more diverse and less self-selected. Nonetheless, the authors' methods and their conclusions about workers' over-estimation of their health and the lack of differences across assessment methods will be useful to employers, health professionals, and all practitioners with an interest in health risk assessments.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The influence of short and long duration on the blood pressure response to an acute bout of dynamic exercise.

BACKGROUND: The minimum duration of exercise needed to acutely lower blood pressure (BP) has not been established. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of short and long duration on the BP response to a session of aerobic exercise. METHODS: Subjects were 45 men (mean +/- SEM, 43.4 +/- 1.5 years) with elevated BP (144.6 +/- 1.6/85.2 +/- 1.1 mm Hg). Using a parallel design, men were randomly assigned to 40% (LITE, n = 23) or 60% (MOD, n = 22) of maximal oxygen consumption. Following assignment, they completed 3 experiments: a no-exercise control, and a 15-minute SHORT and 30-minute LONG cycle bout. Subjects left the laboratory wearing an ambulatory BP monitor. Repeated measure analysis of variance tested if BP differed among experimental conditions (no-exercise control, LONG, and SHORT) and over time within groups (LITE and MOD). RESULTS: For 9 hours, systolic BP increased from baseline after all conditions (P < .001); however, systolic BP was reduced by 5.6 +/- 2.0 and 4.3 +/- 1.6 mm Hg after SHORT and LONG with LITE, and 4.1 +/- 1.6 and 4.9 +/- 1.9 mm Hg with MOD, respectively, compared with no-exercise control (P < .05). For 9 hours, diastolic BP (DBP) decreased from baseline after all conditions (P < .001). DBP was reduced by 2.1 +/- 1.0 and 3.6 +/- 1.4 mm Hg after SHORT and LONG with MOD for 3 hours (P < .05), and average DBP was lower by 2.4 +/- 1.0 mm Hg after LONG with LITE for 9 hours versus no-exercise control (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The immediate BP-lowering effects of short-duration, lower intensity exercise are comparable to those of higher amounts of exercise. Additional investigation is needed to better quantify the dose of exercise needed to lower BP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Management of lower extremity malalignment during running with neuromuscular retraining of the proximal stabilizers.

This case report presents a high-level female runner with a history of more than 25 years of recurrent lower extremity (LE) injuries and LE malalignment problems during running. Due to her LE malalignment, she has been unable to run for the past 3 years. A definitive diagnosis was not found for her inability to run so by exclusion we diagnosed dysfunction of the hip, spine, and pelvic stabilizers that resulted in her in LE malalignment. To treat this muscle weakness, we designed a Pilates-evolved functional movement intervention to improve the control and strength of the proximal stabilizers and regain normal LE alignment. The Pilates-evolved treatment approach involved a series of functional and progressive resistance exercises designed to dynamically stabilize the spine, pelvis, and hip through all planes of motion. After 1 year of Pilates-evolved training, the athlete's disabling movement pattern resolved and she has returned to a regular running program. The purpose of this case report is to describe a Pilates-evolved functional movement intervention that resolved this runner's LE malalignment and returned her to running when other traditional treatment approaches were not effective in doing so.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2006

ACE ID genotype and the muscle strength and size response to unilateral resistance training.

PURPOSE: To examine associations among the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and the response to a 12-wk (2 d.wk) unilateral, upper-arm resistance training (RT) program in the trained (T, nondominant) and untrained (UT, dominant) arms. METHODS: Subjects were 631 (mean+/-SEM, 24.2+/-0.2 yr) white (80%) men (42%) and women (58%). The ACE ID genotype was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with frequencies of 23.1, 46.1, and 30.8% for ACE II, ID, and DD, respectively (chi=1.688, P=0.430). Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) assessed peak elbow flexor muscle strength. Magnetic resonance imaging measured biceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Multiple variable and repeated-measures ANCOVA tested whether muscle strength and size differed at baseline and pre- to post-RT among T and UT and ACE ID genotype. RESULTS: Baseline muscle strength and size were greater in UT than T (P<0.001) and did not differ among ACE ID genotype in either arm (P >or= 0.05). In T, MVC increases were greater for ACE II/ID (22%) than DD (17%) (P<0.05), whereas 1RM (51%) and CSA (19%) gains were not different among ACE ID genotype pre- to post-RT (P >or= 0.05). In UT, MVC increased among ACE II/ID (7%) (P<0.001) but was similar among ACE DD (2%) pre- to post-RT (P >or= 0.05). In UT, 1RM (11%) and CSA (2%) increases were greater for ACE DD/ID than ACE II (1RM, 7%; CSA, -0.1%) (P<0.05). ACE ID genotype explained approximately 1% of the MVC response to RT in T and approximately 2% of MVC, 2% of 1RM, and 4% of CSA response in UT (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ACE ID genotype is associated with the contralateral effects of unilateral RT, perhaps more so than with the muscle strength and size adaptations that result from RT.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

ACTN3 genotype is associated with increases in muscle strength in response to resistance training in women.

The alpha-actinin 3 (ACTN3) gene encodes a protein of the Z disk of myofibers, and a polymorphism of ACTN3 results in complete loss of the protein. The ACTN3 genotype (R577X) has been found to be associated with performance in Australian elite athletes (Yang N, MacArthur DG, Gulbin JP, Hahn AG, Beggs AH, Easteal S, and North K. Am J Hum Genet 73: 627-631, 2003). We studied associations between ACTN3 genotype and muscle size [cross-sectional area of the biceps brachii via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] and elbow flexor isometric (MVC) and dynamic [1-repetition maximum (1-RM)] strength in a large group of men (N = 247) and women (N = 355) enrolled in a 12-wk standardized elbow flexor/extensor resistance training program of the nondominant arm at one of eight study centers. We found no association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and muscle phenotype in men. However, women homozygous for the ACTN3 577X allele (XX) had lower baseline MVC compared with heterozygotes (P < 0.05) when adjusted for body mass and age. Women homozygous for the mutant allele (577X) demonstrated greater absolute and relative 1-RM gains compared with the homozygous wild type (RR) after resistance training when adjusted for body mass and age (P < 0.05). There was a trend for a dose-response with genotype such that gains were greatest for XX and least for RR. Significant associations were validated in at least one ethnic subpopulation (Caucasians, Asians) and were independent of training volume. About 2% of baseline MVC and of 1-RM strength gain after training were attributable to ACTN3 genotype (likelihood-ratio test P value, P = 0.01), suggesting that ACTN3 is one of many genes contributing to genetic variation in muscle performance and adaptation to exercise.

Actinin↗

PubMed2005

Exercise and hypertension: recent advances in exercise prescription.

Despite the pervasiveness of hypertension (HTN), the exercise dose needed to lower blood pressure (BP) remains to be quantified. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss recent advances in exercise prescription (ExR x) for HTN. The take-home message in ExR x for those with HTN is that the antihypertensive effect is: immediate; elicited by low intensity, short-duration aerobic exercise; one of many health benefits; and individually tailored. With this message and the general rules of ExR x as a guide, those with HTN should exercise on most, preferably all, days of the week, with moderate intensity (40% to <60% of VO2 Reserve), for 30 minutes or more of continuous or accumulated physical activity per day, primarily of the endurance type, supplemented by resistance exercise. Additionally, those who are overweight should progress to a caloric energy expenditure of a minimum of 1000 kcal to more than 2000 kcal per week or more than 2.5 hours per week of moderate-intensity, aerobic exercise.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed2005

Nondisease genetic testing: reporting of muscle SNPs shows effects on self-concept and health orientation scales.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of genetic self-knowledge (nondisease genotype information) on individual self-concept and Health Orientation Scale (HOS). Adult volunteers (n=257) were recruited from an ongoing genetic association study identifying muscle quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Participants completed psychosocial assessments before and after 12 weeks of resistance training of the nondominant arm. At study exit, a genetic counselor informed participants of genetic test results on three to four genes that have an association with muscle-related traits, and counseled subjects on the potential significance of these findings. The second psychosocial assessment was performed immediately following this counseling session. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale v.2 (TSCS:2) and the HOS showed female subjects to have a significantly greater positive change between first and second assessments, relative to male subjects. Most self-concept subscales improved significantly, when 'neutral' genotypes (no anticipated beneficial or deleterious impact) were reported, compared to positive genotypes. TSCS:2 subscales showing improvement included: total (P=0.013); physical (P=0.004); satisfaction (P=0.019); and behavioral (P=0.047). HOS subscales showing improvement included health image concern (P=0.006); and health expectations (P=0.047). In conclusion, these results suggest that genetic self-knowledge affects self-concept, consistent with the 'attribution' theory. Individuals who received neutral genetic information attributed positive changes from the exercise program to their own abilities, while those who received positive information were more likely to attribute positive changes to their genetics. This study is limited by the ability to determine the direction of the impact of nondisease genetic information presented to participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Aerobic exercise training decreases leucine oxidation at rest in healthy adults.

Both exercise and dietary protein intake affect whole-body protein turnover (WBPTO). Few studies have investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on WBPTO [leucine rate of appearance (Ra), oxidation (Ox), and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD)] in untrained individuals consuming a specified level of protein. This study examined the effect of aerobic exercise training on WBPTO in untrained men and women during a controlled diet intervention providing 0.88 g protein/(kg . d). After a 2-wk adaptation to the study diet, 7 subjects [3 men, 4 women; 76.1 +/- 5.8 kg, 164.7 +/- 4.4 cm, 30.7 +/- 4.5% body fat, 39.1 +/- 2.8 VO(2max) (maximal oxygen uptake) mL/(kg . min)] participated in 4 wk of aerobic exercise training (running and walking 4-5 times/wk at 65-85% maximal heart rate). WBPTO (determined via constant infusion of 1-[(13)C] leucine), nitrogen balance, and body composition were determined at baseline and after 4 wk of training. Nitrogen balance (-1.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 0.9 +/- 1.1 g N/24 h, P = 0.03) improved with exercise training, whereas body mass and composition did not change. Leucine Ra did not change, Ox decreased [18 +/- 2 to 15 +/- 2 micromol/(kg . h), P </= 0.001], and NOLD tended to increase [128 +/- 18 to 151 +/- 19 micromol/(kg . h), P = 0.09] in response to training. These data indicate improved protein utilization in response to exercise training in weight-stable subjects. This study emphasizes the importance of dietary control, with specific regard to energy and protein intakes, in the characterization of protein utilization in response to an exercise intervention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Participation in an Older Adult Heart Health Program affects lifestyle behavior.

The Older Adult Heart Health Program (HHP) was a university-based outreach health screen and education program. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the HHP was associated with lifestyle behavior change among participants. HHP volunteers (n=136) were mostly white (98.5%) women (79.4%) with a mean (+/- SEM) age of 75.1+/-0.6 years. A follow-up survey was sent to the participants' homes 4 months after the HHP inquiring about physician office visitation and adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors since the HHP. A majority (n=60, 64.5%) of those who completed the survey (n=93, 68.4% response rate) indicated they visited their physician after the HHP. A greater percentage of survey respondents who visited their physician made lifestyle behavior changes than those who did not, 71.1% vs. 45.4%, respectively (p=0.032). These findings suggest participating in programs such as the HHP prompt physician visitation and behavior change among older adults residing in the community.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Time spent moving is related to systolic blood pressure among older women.

Isolated systolic hypertension is present in the majority of older women. Exercise is an attractive antihypertensive lifestyle therapy for older women with isolated systolic hypertension, but the amount of exercise needed to reduce blood pressure (BP) is not clear. Evidence is accumulating that lower levels of physical exertion are associated with decreased BP. The authors sought to determine if BP was related to daily time spent moving. Participants were 109 women (mean +/- SD, 75.2+/-7.2 yr). A majority (63.3%) had hypertension, and 48.6% had isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic BP was lower among women moving > or =5 h/d (142.2+/-18.7 mm Hg) than those moving <5 h/d (149.8+/-19.0 mm Hg) (p=0.038). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the potentially strong confounding effects of antihypertensive medication use, adiposity, and age did not eliminate these favorable associations between daily time spent moving and systolic BP. Older women should be encouraged to regularly engage in physical activities typical of everyday life such as walking because of its BP benefits.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Influence of an educational intervention on pre-allied health students' attitudes toward older adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of an educational intervention on the knowledge and attitudes of pre-allied health students toward older adults. The subjects were 41 pre-allied health students assigned to an intervention (n = 19) or comparison group (n = 22). The intervention group participated in a six-hour multi-modal workshop consisting of didactic lecture, group activities, and simulation activities. A posttest only quasi-experimental design over time was used. Palmore's FACTS on Aging Quiz and Kogan's Old People Scale were used to measure knowledge and attitude towards older adults one week and 10 weeks following the workshop. The intervention significantly improved knowledge in the short term (p = 0.031). No significant difference was noted between the two groups on the attitudinal surveys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Adiposity of elderly women and its relationship with self-reported and observed physical performance.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a societal trend toward increasing obesity and a natural tendency for physical performance to decrease with age. Our purpose was to describe the adiposity of elderly women participating in a health screening and to determine the relationship between their adiposity and both observed and self-reported physical performance. METHODS: Subjects were 104 communitydwelling elderly women (74.9+/-7.5 years). Their adiposity was described using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio. Physical performance was characterized using timed sit-to-stand, unilateral standing, 25-foot walk and the Physical Functioning subscale of the SF-36. Habitual activity was summarized as the number of daily hours patients estimated they spent moving about on their feet. RESULTS: The majority of women had excessive adiposity. Greater adiposity was associated with worse physical performance. Both Pearson correlations and multiple regression revealed BMI to be significantly predictive of all physical performance measures. Age added to the explanation of walking time and unilateral stance time. Time moving about contributed to the explanation of self-reported physical functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity should be documented as part of the physical therapist examination of elderly women. It may be an appropriate target of intervention if physical performance is limited.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training.

PURPOSE: This study assessed variability in muscle size and strength changes in a large cohort of men and women after a unilateral resistance training program in the elbow flexors. A secondary purpose was to assess sex differences in size and strength changes after training. METHODS: Five hundred eighty-five subjects (342 women, 243 men) were tested at one of eight study centers. Isometric (MVC) and dynamic strength (one-repetition maximum (1RM)) of the elbow flexor muscles of each arm and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the biceps brachii (to determine cross-sectional area (CSA)) were assessed before and after 12 wk of progressive dynamic resistance training of the nondominant arm. RESULTS: Size changes ranged from -2 to +59% (-0.4 to +13.6 cm), 1RM strength gains ranged from 0 to +250% (0 to +10.2 kg), and MVC changes ranged from -32 to +149% (-15.9 to +52.6 kg). Coefficients of variation were 0.48 and 0.51 for changes in CSA (P = 0.44), 1.07 and 0.89 for changes in MVC (P < 0.01), and 0.55 and 0.59 for changes in CSA (P < 0.01) in men and women, respectively. Men experienced 2.5% greater gains for CSA (P < 0.01) compared with women. Despite greater absolute gains in men, relative increases in strength measures were greater in women versus men (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Men and women exhibit wide ranges of response to resistance training, with some subjects showing little to no gain, and others showing profound changes, increasing size by over 10 cm and doubling their strength. Men had only a slight advantage in relative size gains compared with women, whereas women outpaced men considerably in relative gains in strength.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Exercise intensity alters postexercise hypotension.

OBJECTIVE: Blood pressure (BP) is immediately lowered after a session of dynamic exercise, e.g. postexercise hypotension (PEH). The optimal exercise intensity needed to evoke PEH has not been established. We examined the effect of light (LITE) and moderate (MOD) exercise intensity on PEH. DESIGN: Subjects were 49 men (mean +/- SEM, 43.8 +/- 1.4 years) with high normal to stage 1 hypertension (145.0 +/- 1.5/85.8 +/- 1.1 mmHg). Men randomly completed three blinded experiments: a control session and two cycle exercise bouts, one at 40% (LITE) and the other at 60% (MOD) of maximal oxygen consumption. METHODS: Experiments began with a baseline period and were conducted at the same time of day and separated by >/= 2 days. Subjects wore an ambulatory BP monitor after the experiments. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested if BP and heart rate differed over time and between experimental conditions. Multivariate regression tested factors related to the BP response. RESULTS: For 9 h after all experiments, average awake systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased compared with baseline (P < 0.001). Average awake SBP increased up to 6.9 mmHg less (P < 0.001) and DBP decreased 2.6 mmHg more (P < 0.05) after exercise versus control. For 5 h, PEH was greater after MOD; but over the course of 9 h, LITE was as effective as MOD in eliciting PEH. Baseline BP was the primary factor explaining the BP response (beta = -0.434 to -0.718, r = 0.096-0.295). CONCLUSIONS: LITE and MOD evoked PEH throughout the daytime hours. Lower intensity dynamic exercise such as walking, contributes to BP control in men with hypertension.

Adult↗