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Biomedical subjects

Lisa Gold

Publications and source records attributed to Lisa Gold.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Methods for exploring implementation variation and local context within a cluster randomised community intervention trial.

Insignificant or modest findings in intervention trials may be attributable to poorly designed or theorised interventions, poorly implemented interventions, or inadequate evaluation methods. The pre-existing context may also account for the effects observed. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is outlined that will permit the determination of how context level factors might modify intervention effectiveness, within a cluster randomised community intervention trial to promote the health of mothers with new babies. The methods include written and oral narratives, key informant interviews, impact logs, and inter-organisational network analyses. Context level factors, which may affect intervention uptake, success, and sustainability are the density of inter-organisational ties within communities at the start of the intervention, the centrality of the primary care agencies expected to take a lead with the intervention, the extent of context-level adaptation of the intervention, and the amount of local resources contributed by the participating agencies. Investigation of how intervention effects are modified by context is a new methodological frontier in community intervention trial research.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2003

If the price is right: vagueness and values clarification in contingent valuation.

The use of willingness to pay to value the benefits of health care is increasing. Much of this work assumes that health preferences are well formed or 'complete' and readily revealed if the right question is asked in the right way. We examined this assumption, seeking evidence in a mixed-methods study that explored the meaning and implications of vague responses to a payment-scale based willingness to pay exercise.One-half of the sample said that their vagueness meant that their maximum willingness to pay was actually greater than the amount that they had previously said it was. Thirty percent agreed that they would probably pay pound 10 more than a sum that they had previously said they would most definitely not pay, if they found this to be the cost of the vaccine. Interview data supported the view that the payment scale had failed to elicit the maximum willingness to pay and that some participants used the information on cost to help clarify their values, in contrast to the theory underpinning willingness to pay. The results suggest a need to consider values-clarification in health economic evaluations.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for increasing numbers of drugs in antiretroviral combination therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence for the effectiveness of increasing numbers of drugs in antiretroviral combination therapy. DESIGN: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of fully reported randomised controlled trials. All studies included compared quadruple versus triple therapy, triple versus double therapy, double versus monotherapy, or monotherapy versus placebo or no treatment. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with any stage of HIV infection who had not received antiretroviral therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in disease progression or death (clinical outcomes); CD4 count and plasma viral load (surrogate markers). SEARCH STRATEGY: Six electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, searched up to February 2001. RESULTS: 54 randomised controlled trials, most of good quality, with 66 comparison groups were included in the analysis. For both the clinical outcomes and surrogate markers, combinations with up to and including three (triple therapy) were progressively and significantly more effective. The odds ratio for disease progression or death for triple therapy compared with double therapy was 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 0.8). Heterogeneity in effect sizes was present in many outcomes but was largely related to the drugs used and trial quality. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from randomised controlled trials supports the use of triple therapy. Research is needed on the effectiveness of quadruple therapies and the relative effectiveness of specific combinations of drugs.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2002

Long-term potentiation is increased in the CA1 area of the hippocampus of APP(swe/ind) CRND8 mice.

The present study reports changes in synaptic function and plasticity [long-term potentiation (LTP)] in a recently developed mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (CRND8 line) harboring a double amyloid precursor protein mutation (APP(swe/ind)). In 9-week-old preplaque transgenic (Tg) mice brain slices, basal synaptic function in the hippocampal CA1 area was unchanged. Only one of three different LTP induction protocols revealed early influence of genotype on synaptic plasticity. By 20 weeks of age, there were numerous plaques in the hippocampus from Tg mice associated with more robust evidence for genotype-related effects in synaptic function. Field potential maximum slope was consistently decreased and LTP was increased, irrespective of the stimulation protocol used. In addition, there was clear evidence of increased synaptic excitability in Tg mice. Furthermore, the maximum amplitude of evoked IPSCs was decreased whereas the maximum amplitude of evoked EPSCs was increased in 20-week-old Tg mice. Collectively, these results suggest a number of APP genotype-related changes in the fine-tuning of the CA1 area circuitry, some of which are likely to contribute to the pathology-dependent effects on LTP observed in CRND8 mice.

Aging↗