Biomedical subjects

Lorenzo Chiari

Publications and source records attributed to Lorenzo Chiari.

10 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Influence of a portable audio-biofeedback device on structural properties of postural sway.

BACKGROUND: Good balance depends on accurate and adequate information from the senses. One way to substitute missing sensory information for balance is with biofeedback technology. We previously reported that audio-biofeedback (ABF) has beneficial effects in subjects with profound vestibular loss, since it significantly reduces body sway in quiet standing tasks. METHODS: In this paper, we present the effects of a portable prototype of an ABF system on healthy subjects' upright stance postural stability, in conditions of limited and unreliable sensory information. Stabilogram diffusion analysis, combined with traditional center of pressure analysis and surface electromyography, were applied to the analysis of quiet standing tasks on a Temper foam surface with eyes closed. RESULTS: These analyses provided new evidence that ABF may be used to treat postural instability. In fact, the results of the stabilogram diffusion analysis suggest that ABF increased the amount of feedback control exerted by the brain for maintaining balance. The resulting increase in postural stability was not at the expense of leg muscular activity, which remained almost unchanged. CONCLUSION: Examination of the SDA and the EMG activity supported the hypothesis that ABF does not induce an increased stiffness (and hence more co-activation) in leg muscles, but rather helps the brain to actively change to a more feedback-based control activity over standing posture.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Audio-biofeedback improves balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an audio-biofeedback (ABF) system for improving balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL). DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: University balance disorders laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nine subjects with BVL and 9 unaffected subjects as controls. INTERVENTION: Trunk acceleration ABF while standing on foam with eyes closed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Balance stability was evaluated according to the following parameters: the root mean square of (1) the center of pressure (COP) displacements and of (2) the trunk accelerations; the COP bandwidth; the time spent by the participant within +/-1 degrees threshold from their baseline COP position; and the mean accelerations of the trunk while the participant was swaying outside this +/-1 degrees threshold. RESULTS: Participants with BVL had significantly larger postural sway than did unaffected participants. Those with BVL, while using ABF, decreased sway area by 23%+/-4.9%, decreased trunk accelerations by 46%+/-9.9%, and increased time spent within +/-1 degrees sway threshold by 195%+/-34.6%. CONCLUSIONS: ABF improved stance stability of participants with BVL by increasing the amount of postural corrections.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 1: theoretical background.

This paper sets the stage for a series of reviews dealing with the problems associated with the reconstruction and analysis of in vivo skeletal system kinematics using optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric data. Instantaneous bone position and orientation and joint kinematic variable estimations are addressed in the framework of rigid body mechanics. The conceptual background to these exercises is discussed. Focus is placed on the experimental and analytical problem of merging the information relative to movement and that relative to the morphology of the anatomical body parts of interest. The various global and local frames that may be used in this context are defined. Common anatomical and mathematical conventions that can be used to describe joint kinematics are illustrated in a comparative fashion. The authors believe that an effort to systematize the different theoretical and experimental approaches to the problems involved and related nomenclatures, as currently reported in the literature, is needed to facilitate data and knowledge sharing, and to provide renewed momentum for the advancement of human movement analysis.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 2: instrumental errors.

This paper reviews the main aspects involved with the management of instrumental errors associated with video-based optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry. Insights on how such errors propagate to kinematic quantities are of great interest in the field of human movement analysis to improve the precision and reliability of measurements. The review focuses on the technical assessment and analytical compensation procedures to cope with instrumental errors. Relevant contributions dealing with intrinsic sources of systematic and random errors, such as the issues concerning camera calibration and filtering and smoothing of marker position data, are presented. Procedures for marker imaged processing, and missing marker recovery are also surveyed. Methods for checking the accuracy and precision of stereophotogrammetric systems are then reviewed. Finally, since the desired outcome of the movement measurements is a reliable estimate of body segment kinematics, state-of-the-art techniques proposed for minimization of error propagation arising from a cluster of external markers are described.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 3. Soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation.

When using optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry, skin deformation and displacement causes marker movement with respect to the underlying bone. This movement represents an artifact, which affects the estimation of the skeletal system kinematics, and is regarded as the most critical source of error in human movement analysis. A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art for assessment, minimization and compensation of the soft tissue artifact (STA) is provided. It has been shown that STA is greater than the instrumental error associated with stereophotogrammetry, has a frequency content similar to the actual bone movement, is task dependent and not reproducible among subjects and, of lower limb segments, is greatest at the thigh. It has been shown that in in vivo experiments only motion about the flexion/extension axis of the hip, knees and ankles can be determined reliably. Motion about other axes at those joints should be regarded with much more caution as this artifact produces spurious effects with magnitudes comparable to the amount of motion actually occurring in those joints. Techniques designed to minimize the contribution of and compensate for the effects of this artifact can be divided up into those which model the skin surface and those which include joint motion constraints. Despite the numerous solutions proposed, the objective of reliable estimation of 3D skeletal system kinematics using skin markers has not yet been satisfactorily achieved and greatly limits the contribution of human movement analysis to clinical practice and biomechanical research. For STA to be compensated for effectively, it is here suggested that either its subject-specific pattern is assessed by ad hoc exercises or it is characterized from a large series of measurements on different subject populations. Alternatively, inclusion of joint constraints into a more general STA minimization approach may provide an acceptable solution.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 4: assessment of anatomical landmark misplacement and its effects on joint kinematics.

Estimating the effects of different sources of error on joint kinematics is crucial for assessing the reliability of human movement analysis. The goal of the present paper is to review the different approaches dealing with joint kinematics sensitivity to rotation axes and the precision of anatomical landmark determination. Consistent with the previous papers in this series, the review is limited to studies performed with video-based stereophotogrammetric systems. Initially, studies dealing with estimates of precision in determining the location of both palpable and internal anatomical landmarks are reviewed. Next, the effects of anatomical landmark position uncertainty on anatomical frames are shown. Then, methods reported in the literature for estimating error propagation from anatomical axes location to joint kinematics are described. Interestingly, studies carried out using different approaches reported a common conclusion: when joint rotations occur mainly in a single plane, minor rotations out of this plane are strongly affected by errors introduced at the anatomical landmark identification level and are prone to misinterpretation. Finally, attempts at reducing joint kinematics errors due to anatomical landmark position uncertainty are reported. Given the relevance of this source of errors in the determination of joint kinematics, it is the authors' opinion that further efforts should be made in improving the reliability of the joint axes determination.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

Nonlinear postural control in response to visual translation.

Recent models of human postural control have focused on the nonlinear properties inherent to fusing sensory information from multiple modalities. In general, these models are underconstrained, requiring additional experimental data to clarify the properties of such nonlinearities. Here we report an experiment suggesting that new or multiple mechanisms may be needed to capture the integration of vision into the postural control scheme. Subjects were presented with visual displays whose motion consisted of two components: a constant-amplitude, 0.2 Hz oscillation, and constant-velocity translation from left to right at velocities between 0 cm/s and 4 cm/s. Postural sway variability increased systematically with translation velocity, but remained below that observed in the eyes-closed condition, indicating that the postural control system is able to use visual information to stabilize sway even at translation velocities as high as 4 cm/s. Gain initially increased as translation velocity increased from 0 cm/s to 1 cm/s and then decreased. The changes in gain and variability provided a clear indication of nonlinearity in the postural response across conditions, which were interpreted in terms of sensory reweighting. The fact that gain did not decrease at low translation velocities suggests that the postural control system is able to decompose relative visual motion into environmental motion and self-motion. The eventual decrease in gain suggests that nonlinearities in sensory noise levels (state-dependent noise) may also contribute to the sensory reweighting involved in postural control. These results provide important constraints and suggest that multiple mechanisms may be required to model the nonlinearities involved in sensory fusion for upright stance control.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Comparison between subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus stimulation for postural performance in Parkinson's disease.

Nine subjects with Parkinson's disease, five subjects with electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and four with electrodes in the globus pallidus internus (GPi), were compared with a population of ten age-matched control subjects. The measures studied include a set of summary statistic scores, two stochastic parameters, the distribution of the center of pressure (CoP) displacement angles under each foot, and the distribution of bilateral patterns of CoP displacement angles. A Bayes classifier was designed to monitor the trend of postural performance in patients, with different treatments. Results suggested that the selected measures were sensitive to Parkinsonian postural sway abnormalities and highlight differences in response to treatments. Deep brain stimulation restored a more normal postural sway and levodopa increased sway abnormalities. Furthermore, the selected measures appear to detect different responses to levodopa between the STN and GPi groups: the negative side effects of levodopa on posture were less severe for STN than for GPi patients, perhaps due to the decreased need for levodopa intake in STN subjects. The measures proposed in this preliminary study may be useful adjuncts to evaluate balance and postural control strategies in patients with Parkinson's disease and may allow the comparison of DBS electrode sites, on stance posture.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗

PubMed2003

Influence of body segment parameters and modeling assumptions on the estimate of center of mass trajectory.

This study sought to determine the effect of inaccuracies in body segment parameters and modeling assumptions on the estimate of antero-posterior center of mass (COM) trajectory. Four different methods, one based on segmental kinematics, and three methods based on kinetic recordings were compared via simulation. Kinematic patterns (quiet stance, ankle-related sway, hip-ankle-related sway, sit-up and sit-up-sit-down) were tested with a 2D four-link model of the body and the ground reaction force vector was obtained by inverse dynamics. Errors in the estimation of body segment parameters were simulated by applying a +/-10% variation to one or more parameters at a time. These errors propagated differently to the COM estimated location between methods, between parameters within the same method, and between tasks. The kinematics-based method was the most sensitive to body segment parameters, with special regards to segment lengths and head-arms-trunk parameters. Root mean square error between estimated and simulated COM location reached 19mm in balance-related tasks and 38.3mm in sit-up-sit-down. The kinetics-based methods were largely less sensitive to inaccuracies in body segment parameters. In particular, the technique proposed by Zatsiorsky and King (J. Biomech. 31 (1998) 161), was completely insensitive to segment parameters. On the other hand the kinetics-based methods showed an intrinsic estimation error, due to the underlying model assumptions. The methods based on the double integration of horizontal force had better outcomes with tasks challenging such assumptions, with a maximal error in COM location of 15mm in the sit-up-sit-down. The method proposed by Shimba (J. Biomech. 17 (1984) 53) showed the best trade-off between sensitivity to body segment parameters and estimation performances given the ideal test conditions.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stabilometric parameters are affected by anthropometry and foot placement.

OBJECTIVE: To recognize and quantify the influence of biomechanical factors, namely anthropometry and foot placement, on the more common measures of stabilometric performance, including new-generation stochastic parameters. DESIGN: Fifty normal-bodied young adults were selected in order to cover a sufficiently wide range of anthropometric properties. They were allowed to choose their preferred side-by-side foot position and their quiet stance was recorded with eyes open and closed by a force platform. BACKGROUND: biomechanical factors are known to influence postural stability but their impact on stabilometric parameters has not been extensively explored yet. METHODS: Principal component analysis was used for feature selection among several biomechanical factors. A collection of 55 stabilometric parameters from the literature was estimated from the center-of-pressure time series. Linear relations between stabilometric parameters and selected biomechanical factors were investigated by robust regression techniques. RESULTS: The feature selection process returned height, weight, maximum foot width, base-of-support area, and foot opening angle as the relevant biomechanical variables. Only eleven out of the 55 stabilometric parameters were completely immune from a linear dependence on these variables. The remaining parameters showed a moderate to high dependence that was strengthened upon eye closure. For these parameters, a normalization procedure was proposed, to remove what can well be considered, in clinical investigations, a spurious source of between-subject variability. CONCLUSION: Care should be taken when quantifying postural sway through stabilometric parameters. It is suggested as a good practice to include some anthropometric measurements in the experimental protocol, and to standardize or trace foot position. RELEVANCE: Although the role of anthropometry and foot placement has been investigated in specific studies, there are no studies in the literature that systematically explore the relationship between such BF and stabilometric parameters. This knowledge may contribute to better defining the experimental protocol and improving the functional evaluation of postural sway for clinical purposes, e.g. by removing through normalization the spurious effects of body properties and foot position on postural performance.

Adult↗