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Biomedical subjects

M A Akhtar

Publications and source records attributed to M A Akhtar.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Treatment of anterior fracture-dislocations of the proximal humerus by open reduction and internal fixation.

Over a seven-year period we treated a consecutive series of 58 patients, 20 men and 38 women with a mean age of 66 years (21 to 87) who had an acute complex anterior fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus. Two patterns of injury are proposed for study based upon a prospective assessment of the pattern of soft-tissue and bony injury and the degree of devascularisation of the humeral head. In 23 patients, the head had retained capsular attachments and arterial back-bleeding (type-I injury), whereas in 35 patients the head was devoid of significant soft-tissue attachments with no active arterial bleeding (type-II injury). Following treatment by open reduction and internal fixation, only two of 23 patients with type-I injuries developed radiological evidence of osteonecrosis of the humeral head, compared with four of seven patients with type-II injuries. A policy of primary treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of type-I injuries is justified, whereas most elderly patients (aged 60 years or over) with type-II injuries are best treated by hemiarthroplasty. The best treatment for younger patients (aged under 60 years) who sustain type-II injuries is controversial and an individualised approach to their management is advocated.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Adrenocortical reserve in patients with active tuberculosis.

CONTEXT: In recent years several studies have documented decreased adrenal cortical reserve in patients with active tuberculosis. This reduced adrenal reserve could be an important factor in causing mortality and morbidity in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To study the adrenal cortical reserve and its relationship with disease duration and severity in patients with active tuberculosis. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Forty patients with confirmed active tuberculosis (28 pulmonary and 12 extra-pulmonary) without clinical evidence of Addison's disease and 10 healthy, age and sex-matched subjects (controls) participated in this study. The study was conducted at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir. INTERVENTIONS: Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test performed in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Basal serum cortisol level and parameters of stimulated cortisol response (maximum increase of cortisol over basal, peak rise of cortisol and area under response curve). RESULTS: The mean basal cortisol levels were comparable between the two groups (P = 0.792). The parameters of stimulated cortisol response including maximum increase of cortisol over basal, the peak rise of cortisol and area under response curves were significantly lower in patients as compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001, 0.002 and 0.049 respectively). However, these parameters were comparable between patients with active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall 14 (35%) patients exhibited sub-optimal cortisol response (3 negligible and 11 inadequate) to ACTH stimulation. ACTH stimulation revealed significant cortisol rise in patients with active tuberculosis at 4 and 8 hours only, whereas in healthy controls, the cortisol rise was more prolonged and continued up to 24 hours. The adrenocortical reserve was inversely related to the radiological severity of pulmonary tuberculosis (r, -0.41) and chronicity of active tuberculosis (r, -0.59). CONCLUSION: Patients with active tuberculosis have decreased adrenocortical reserve. The adrenocortical reserve seems to be inversely related to the radiological severity of pulmonary tuberculosis and chronicity of active tuberculosis.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in urban population of Kashmir.

Population based survey was conducted in an urban area of Kashmir comprising 629 males and 511 females. Majority (27.9%) of individuals studied were in the age group of < 40 years. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis was more in the age group of 70 years and above (14.12%), in smokers the prevalence was 7.55% and in people living in poorly ventilated dwellings it was 10.56%.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Burns in pregnancy: effect on maternal and fetal outcomes.

Burn injury during pregnancy is known to have adverse effects on fetal and maternal survival. Any hope of reducing the high mortality lies in identifying the risk factors responsible for the poor maternal and fetal outcome. A prospective study cohort of 50 pregnant burned patients, a comparison cohort of 50 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and another comparison cohort of 50 non-pregnant burned females were followed up for fetal and maternal survival or death at the Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, India. The effect of maternal factors on the maternal and fetal survival were assessed. Most of the patients (64 per cent) were severely burned, i.e. > 60 per cent TBSA with 100 per cent fetal and maternal mortality. There was 50 per cent maternal and fetal loss in the 40-59 per cent TBSA group. A fetal loss of 11.1 per cent was noted in the 20-39 per cent TBSA group with no maternal loss. Survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox Proportional Hazards model showed that TBSA burned was the only factor found to be statistically significantly (P < 0.0001) responsible for the adverse fetal and maternal outcome. Pregnancy did not alter the maternal survival. Adequate shock management and early excision with grafting could reduce the mortality figures. Prevention of injury during pregnancy still appears to be the best option.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

Radiation effect on ascorbic acid and riboflavin biosynthesis in germinating soybean.

The influence of irradiation on biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in germinating soybean seeds in tap and distilled water at ambient (25-35 degrees C) conditions was investigated. Ascorbic acid was not detectable in the original seeds and the initial level of riboflavin was 3.3 micrograms/g. The rate of synthesis of these vitamins increased with increasing germination time up to 72-96 hr followed by a decreasing pattern depending upon the treatment. The effect of irradiation and germination on the synthesis of these vitamins was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Maximum amounts of ascorbic acid 16.2 and 15.0 mg/100g (fresh weight basis) were found in the 0.10 kGy sample after 72 hr of germination in tap and distilled water, respectively. However, a radiation dose of 0.20 kGy resulted in the development of maximum values of riboflavin, 30.0 and 27.0 micrograms/g (dry weight basis) on germination in tap and distilled water respectively.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Role of ciprofloxacin in typhoid fever.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of ciprofloxacin in typhoid fever and to compare its efficacy with chloramphenicol. Eighty patients between 20-45 years with positive blood culture were included in the study. Seventy five percent patients treated with ciprofloxacin became afebrile within 72 hours while with chloramphenicol it took upto 120-144 hours for the same percentage of patients to become afebrile. Four patients resistant to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin/amoxycillin, also responded to ciprofloxacin. There were no significant adverse effects indicating that ciprofloxacin is safe and effective drug for resistant and nonresistant cases of typhoid fever.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in radiated germinating chickpea.

Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in radiated germinating chickpea seeds was studied at ambient room temperature (20-35 degrees C). Synthesis of these vitamins increased significantly with increasing germination time up to 120 hrs depending upon the treatment (P less than 0.05). Maximum amounts of ascorbic acid, 22.32 and 16.84 mg/100 g (wet weight) were found in the 0.10 kGy samples after 120 hrs of germination in tap and distilled waters respectively. Radiation dose of 0.20 kGy resulted in the development of maximum riboflavin, 11.4 and 11.0 micrograms/g (dry weight) on germination in tap and distilled waters respectively. An overall significant linear relation (r = 0.954 to 0.957) was found between vitamin biosynthesis and germination time up to 120 hrs in both the radiated and unradiated chickpea.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1990

Irradiation and germination effects on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean.

Influence of irradiation (0.05-0.20 kGy) and germination (24-120 hours) in distilled and tap water on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean, was studied. Phytate values significantly decreased with increasing germination period and irradiation dose (P less than 0.01). Irradiation independently decreased the original phytate (212.0 mg/100 g) to a range value of 205.0-190.0 mg/100 g depending upon dose level. Germination of unirradiated seeds for 120 hours in distilled and tap water lowered the phytate to 55.0 and 94.9 mg/100 g (74.1 and 55.2% reduction) respectively. Maximum destruction of phytate to levels of 20.5 and 50.9 mg/100 g (90.3 and 76.0% reduction) occurred during germination of 0.20 kGy samples for 120 hours in distilled and tap water respectively. Total protein content significantly increased during germination (P less than 0.05) and the increase was more in tap than distilled water. Germination for 120 hours of untreated seeds in tap water increased the essential and decreased non-essential amino acids while in the 0.10 kGy sample, increases in both cases were observed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Quantitation of pharmacologically-induced penile erections: the value of radionuclide phallography in the objective evaluation of erectile haemodynamics.

This study combines the pharmacologically-induced penile erection (PIPE) technique with radionuclide phallography (RNP) for the non-invasive study of penile haemodynamic changes during erection. Penile erections produced by the intracavernosal injections of two different vasoactive drugs, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and papaverine HCl (PPV) were assessed by quantitation of the dynamic RNP and parameters of erection were defined and compared. PGE1 intracavernosal injections were seen to elicit a better erectile response than PPV. Dynamic radionuclide phallography was performed using 99Tcm-labelled autologous RBCs in five normally potent volunteers, sixteen patients with psychogenic impotence, seven patients with vasculogenic impotence (three arteriogenic, four venous leakage) and one patient with neurogenic impotence. Physical parameters of erection including the penile length and circumference changes during erection and the erectile angle were compared with the indices of penile blood flow and volume derived through quantitation of the RNP. There was a close correlation between the penogram index (an index of penile blood volume) and penile circumference increase during erection (r = 0.77, p less than 10(-6). The erectile angle, a measure of penile rigidity, correlated strongly (r = 0.82, p less than 10(-6) with the flow index, a measure of penile blood volume. Patterns specific to various categories of impotence were observed and these aided in the diagnosis, especially in equivocal cases with a suboptimal clinical response to the intracavernosal injection. Quantitative RNP offers a non-invasive method which allows direct objective assessment of the erectile response providing several quantitative parameters for analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of acute duodenal ulcers with famotidine and its comparison with other H2 blockers.

Famotidine, a new H2 antagonist in a dose of 40 mg qhs was tried in a clinical trial for the treatment of duodenal ulcer in 25 patients and compared with other H2 antagonists. Cimetidine 800 mg qhs and Ranitidine 300 mg qhs were used in a similar number of randomised patients. Patients were evaluated clinically, biochemically and endoscopically. At the end of eight weeks, the healing rate with Famotidine was 96%. Cimetidine was 92% and Ranitidine 96%. No significant side effects were noted with any of these drugs. In conclusion, Famotidine (40 mg qhs) is an effective and generally well-tolerated drug in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Effect of irradiation and germination on trypsin inhibitor and protein content of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.).

Effect of irradiation (0.05-0.20 kGy) and subsequent germination on trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and protein content of chickpea, was studied. The results revealed a significant linear relation (r = 0.981 to -0.992) between the loss of TIA and germination time, and the rate of TIA destruction increased with irradiation dose (p less than 0.05). Maximum destruction (43.8%) of the TIA occurred on germination for 120 hr of 0.20 kGy sample (from 330.0 to 185.3 TIU/g). Initially protein content was 21.7% and the value significantly increased to maximum levels of 27.5% and 27.9% in distilled and tap water respectively during germination for 120 hr of 0.10 kGy sample (p less than 0.05). Protein contents were not affected by irradiation.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1989

Intracavernosal injection of pharmacological agents in the diagnosis and treatment of impotence.

This study details our initial experience with pharmacologically induced penile erections in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with impotence. Intracavernosal injections of papaverine were performed in 5 normal volunteers, 5 patients with psychogenic impotence and 2 patients with penile venous incompetence. The patients were first investigated extensively to determine the etiological basis for their erectile dysfunction. It was observed that the patients with psychogenic impotence and the normal volunteers showed a good response whereas the patients with venous incompetence failed to achieve erection in response to intracavernosal injection. A new drug, Prostaglandin E1 was also tried for the first time for comparison. It appears that this drug has potential advantages over the currently used agent papaverine for the production of pharmacological erections.

Adult↗