Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M A Grayson.
Hospitals across the country are busy reconfiguring their delivery systems to improve patient care delivery. In the process, they are overhauling their organizational structures, reaching out to other institutions for input and participation, and embracing local communities. Many hospital executives are also finding that the path itself is at least as interesting and valuable as the end result.
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Aedes provocans were allowed to feed on a bloodmeal containing 5.6 log10 TCID50/ml of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus. After 14 days of incubation at 21 degrees C and 80% RH, 100% (36/36) were midgut infected, 50% (18/36) developed disseminated infections and 50% (9/18) of the latter specimens transmitted virus to capillary tubes. When mosquitoes were intrathoracically inoculated with 6.1 log10 TCID50/ml of JC virus, 100% (40/40) became disseminated infected and 95% (38/40) transmitted virus after 12 days of incubation. A midgut escape barrier was recognized as the major barrier to JC virus transmission in orally infected Ae. provocans.
A 2-year field study was conducted in southern Saratoga County, New York, to determine which species of the Aedes communis group mosquitoes were potential vectors of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus. A total of 23,890 mosquitoes (890 pools) were processed for virus isolation in 1988-89, yielding 17 JC virus isolates from Ae. provocans and one isolate each from Ae. communis, Ae. intrudens and Ae. punctor. Minimum field infection rates (MFIR) and daily MFIRs as high as 1:219 and 1:38, respectively, were found in adult female Ae. provocans. Virus isolation attempts from an additional 394 individual Ae. provocans produced a seasonal field infection rate (FIR) of 1:131 and daily FIRs of 1:71 and 1:22. Evidence of transovarial transmission of JC virus was demonstrated by the isolation of virus from 2 pools each of 50 male Ae. provocans reared in the insectary from pupae collected at the study site in 1989. We conclude that Ae. provocans is a potentially important vector of JC virus in northeastern New York.
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An extensive outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) occurred in upstate New York during the summer of 1976, with 37 cases confirmed in horses by isolation of virus and/or by serologic examination. Other specimens collected in the affected area yielded 16 further isolates: 9 from 818 pools of 33,365 mosquitoes, 5 from tissues of 64 birds and 2 from 4 sentinel pheasants with serologic conversions. EEE antibodies were also detected in 81 of 499 wild birds tested. Our data implicate sparrows, cowbirds, and catbirds in the amplification of EEE virus and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes as vectors among avians. During the course of this epizootic a modified serologic technique involving hemagglutination reduction gave reliable diagnoses of EEE as early as 24 hours after receipt of field specimens.