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Biomedical subjects

M Addy

Publications and source records attributed to M Addy.

338 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

A study in vitro of the abrasive effect of the tongue on enamel and dentine softened by acid erosion.

The palatal aspect of upper anterior teeth appears to be one site of predilection for erosion. This raises the question of whether abrasion of softened enamel and dentine by the tongue has a role in this process. The aim of this study in vitro was to determine whether enamel and dentine specimens licked by the tongue after exposure to acid lost more tissue than when exposed to acid alone. Flat enamel and dentine specimens were prepared from human third molars and taped to expose a window of tissue. Three groups of specimens were exposed to citric acid for 10 min followed by 60 s tongue licking, ultrasonication or immersion in water. Two further groups of enamel specimens were placed in a low erosive drink for 10 min with or without licking. At the end of 5, 10 and 15 treatment cycles tissue loss was measured by profilometry. Enamel loss was significantly greater with licking and ultrasonication compared to water immersion. Dentine loss was greater with licking and ultrasonication compared to water immersion, but differences only reached significance for ultrasonication. The low erosive drink produced one third of the citric acid erosion and licking had no effect. The results suggest that the tongue could exert an abrasive effect on dental tissues softened by erosion, thereby increasing the overall loss of tooth substance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resurgence of malaria in Calcutta in 1995: a hospital based study.

A total of 405 cases of fever who were either admitted to the Hospital or attended in paediatric out patient Department or Emergency of Medical College Hospital, Calcutta between January '95 and November '95 were included in the study. Majority of cases presented with usual features of malaria like fever with chill and rigor, hepatosplenomegaly, pallor. Apart from these, complicated manifestations like shock, convulsion D.I.C and jaundice were also observed. Some unusual presentations with severe diarrhoea, dehydration and features like that of acute viral respiratory tract infection were highly confusing in terms of clinical diagnosis. P. falciparum was observed in 35.5% of cases. Overall therapeutic response to chloroquin was good, However, two patients died of cerebral Malaria. Five cases of severe malaria were caused by P. vivax however, other etiological features could not be found to attribute the severe nature of these illnesses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taurolin as an oral rinse. I. Antimicrobial effects in vitro and in vivo.

Taurolin, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, has been suggested to be of potential value as an inhibitor of dental plaque. Although data on the antibacterial activity of Taurolin are available there is a dearth of information for effects on oral bacterial isolates and antibacterial activity in the mouth. This study assessed the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of a Taurolin rinse by a) determining the MID values against seven oral isolates and b) measuring salivary bacterial counts following a single rinse. By comparing activity with chlorhexidine, it was hoped to determine substantivity and predict the relative ability of Taurolin to inhibit plaque through an antimicrobial effect. For Taurolin, MID values against the test organisms were found to range between 1:20 and 1:80, while for chlorhexidine, values between 1:320 to 1:640 were obtained. The effects on salivary bacterial counts revealed that Taurolin significantly reduced salivary bacterial counts compared to saline up to 5 hours post rinsing, but was significantly less effective than chlorhexidine after 30 minutes and up to 7 hours. Results indicate that Taurolin has some persistence of antimicrobial activity in the mouth. This suggests that Taurolin would possess some plaque inhibitory properties albeit less than chlorhexidine. These conclusions were confirmed in a subsequent investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taurolin as an oral rinse. II. Effects on in vitro and in vivo plaque regrowth.

A Taurolin solution has been shown previously to possess antibacterial activity, not only by a bactericidal effect but also by reducing bacterial surface adherence. Such mechanisms may contribute to reduction in dental plaque in the mouth, however this remains to be determined. The present study assessed whether a Taurolin rinse could firstly effect bacterial surface growth and, secondly, whether the same rinse could reduce plaque regrowth over a 4-day period. The findings showed that the Taurolin reduced in vitro bacterial surface growth and in vivo plaque regrowth compared to saline, but was not as effective as a chlorhexidine rinse. The findings suggest Taurolin would probably have a moderate effect on plaque and gingivitis in longer-term use.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of an herbal toothpaste with a fluoride toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis.

An herbal/bicarbonate toothpaste has received some attention from the public and profession following a number of studies which have reported beneficial effects of the paste on both plaque and gingivitis. The present study, one of several ongoing clinical trials, evaluated the toothpaste in mouthrinse form using a 19-day, no oral hygiene, triple-crossover design in which it was compared with a commercial fluoride toothpaste rinse and the antiplaque mouthrinse chlorhexidine. Over the three periods of the study an increase in plaque and gingivitis was seen for all three products. However, while significant reductions in both parameters were seen with chlorhexidine compared to the toothpastes, there were no significant differences between the herbal and fluoride toothpaste. From these findings it can be concluded that in the long term, the herbal/bicarbonate toothpaste may not exert significant therapeutic effects on plaque and gingivitis beyond that of a conventional commercial paste. Nevertheless, where there is a demand for a natural product, the herbal/bicarbonate paste may be a worthwhile alternative.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of 0.12% and 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinses on the development of plaque and gingivitis.

A number of commercially prepared chlorhexidine mouthrinses which are now available are formulated at concentrations lower than the more usual 0.2%. This study compared 0.12% and 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinses for effects on plaque regrowth and gingivitis, using a two 19-day period single-operator blind-crossover study design on 14 healthy human volunteers. The 0.12% rinse was a commercial product previously shown as effective as a 0.2% rinse. The 0.1% rinse was a reformulated version of a 0.1% preparation commercially available at the time of this study. Plaque reformation was recorded on days 12 and 19 by score and area. Gingivitis was recorded at day 1, 12 and 19 by measuring gingival crevicular fluid, gingival index and bleeding on probing. The mouthrinses were used twice a day and as recommended by the manufacturer. Mean scores for plaque and gingivitis were mostly lower with the 0.12% rinse but only reached significance for plaque score on days 12 and 19 and for plaque area on day 19. Reformulation of the 0.1% would appear to have markedly improved the antiplaque properties to levels similar to a known effective commercially available 0.12% rinse.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of a phenolic and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on the development of plaque and gingivitis.

Chlorhexidine and phenolic mouthrinses have attracted considerable interest as adjuncts to oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to compare two well known proprietary mouthrinse products for their effects on plaque regrowth, the development of gingivitis and the formation of toothstaining. The study was a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, triple cross-over experimental, gingivitis design. A group of 15 volunteers with a very high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health used each rinse for 19 days in the absence of normal toothcleaning. Each period was separated by a 21 day washout. Plaque scores were significantly different between the rinses, being lowest with chlorhexidine and highest with saline. The plaque area increased 3-fold with the phenolic rinse and 6-fold with the saline rinse compared to the chlorhexidine rinse. Similarly, gingivitis increments were lowest with chlorhexidine and highest with saline but differences between rinses did not reach significance. Staining was significantly different between rinses, primarily due to minimal staining associated with the saline rinse. Staining occurred with both the chlorhexidine and phenolic mouthrinses. It is concluded that the 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse offers greater oral hygiene benefits than the phenolic rinse. The question of indications and durations of use of mouthwash products should be addressed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of plaque of five toothpastes used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.

During a study to assess the efficacy of five toothpastes in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, the plaque scores of patients were recorded at baseline, 2, 4, and 6 weeks treatment and 6 weeks post-treatment visits. Baseline buccal and lingual plaque indexes were found comparable between the groups and the mean buccal plaque scores were considered low by normal standards. During the use of the three experimental silica-based pastes, one containing strontium acetate, one strontium acetate and MFP and a commercially available formaldehyde-containing paste, plaque scores fell significantly and to a similar extent in all four groups. After cessation of treatment at 6 weeks, plaque scores had increased back to baseline in all groups. During the use of a diatomaceous earth/strontium chloride toothpaste, commercially available, plaque scores increased significantly, both from baseline and by comparison with the other four pastes. Nevertheless, plaque scores in this group returned to baseline levels after cessation of treatment and a return to use of a conventional non-desensitizing toothpaste. The effects of all but the diatomaceous earth/strontium chloride toothpaste would not be inconsistent with previous experience in toothbrushing studies where patients are monitored regularly. The effects on plaque did not necessarily coincide with the previously reported treatment benefit of the respective products in dentin hypersensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chewing sticks versus toothbrushes in West Africa. A pilot study.

Chewing sticks are used for tooth cleaning by many populations. Despite the fact that they contain antimicrobial substances that could conceivably benefit oral hygiene, there have been few attempts to evaluate properties in vivo. This pilot, cross-sectional study recorded the oral hygiene and gingival health of adult Ghanaens who used chewing sticks, toothbrushes, or a combination of both for tooth cleaning. Plaque and gingivitis scores were higher in the chewing stick users, although these were primarily due to differences in men. Men had poorer oral hygiene and gingival health than women, irrespective of the oral hygiene regimen. The same differences were apparent for city and rural dwellers, with no overall differences observed between these two groups. The longer time that is necessary for cleaning with chewing sticks may explain the apparent reduced cleaning efficiency in men. The antimicrobial substances contained in chewing sticks appear to provide no additional benefits to those produced by the antimicrobial activity of commercially available toothpastes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: I. Staining and antimicrobial effects in vitro.

Several commercially produced chlorhexidine rinses are now available. These formulations vary in concentration and recommended regimens of use. One formulation, a 0.1% chlorhexidine rinse, anecdotally has been reported to not produce the characteristic dental staining. The aim of this study was to compare the 0.1% formulation with a 0.2% commercially produced chlorhexidine rinse for staining and antimicrobial effects in vitro. Tea staining of tooth and acrylic specimens exposed to the two rinses at various dilutions was measured over a 5-day period. Minimum inhibitory dilutions of each product against standard test bacteria were determined by agar dilution. The 0.1% product produced no staining of specimens greater than that noted with controls. At equivalent concentrations, the 0.2% product produced heavy staining of specimens. The antimicrobial effect of the two products was similar but the overall profile for the 0.1% preparation suggested activity derived from ingredients other than chlorhexidine. The results suggest that the chlorhexidine in the 0.1% rinse was partly or completely inactivated and, although staining may not occur in vivo, the formulation would have a much reduced antiplaque action.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: II. Effects on plaque reformation, gingivitis, and tooth staining.

Several chlorhexidine mouthwashes are now produced commercially but which differ in concentration and regimen of use. This study compared a 0.1% formulation with a 0.2% formulation for effects on plaque reformation, development of gingivitis, and tooth staining. The investigation was a single blind cross-over design employing 14 volunteers with a high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health. The rinses were used twice a day during two 19 day periods using the regiments recommended by each manufacturer and as a replacement for mechanical oral hygiene practices. A baseline zero plaque score was obtained at the beginning of each period with a 16-day washout allowed between the two periods. Parameters of gingival inflammation were scored at baseline and then, together with plaque and tooth stain scores, at 12 and 19 days. All indices of gingival inflammation and plaque were significantly increased at days 12 and 19 with the 0.1% mouthwash formulation. Little evidence of tooth staining was noted with the 0.1% formulation. The 0.2% mouthwash produced the characteristic staining noted with most chlorhexidine preparations. Based on the findings of this study and a previous laboratory investigation, it is concluded that the reduced antiplaque activity of the 0.1% formulation resulted from inactivation of chlorhexidine within the product rather than from the reduced dose of chlorhexidine used.

Adult↗