[Problems related to the treatment of otitis media].
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Adenoidectomy↗
Biomedical subjects
M Arola
Publications and source records attributed to M Arola.
Influenza vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media in children.
We studied a new approach to the prevention of acute otitis media through the administration of influenza vaccine to 187 day-care center children aged 1 to 3 years before the influenza A epidemic of 1988-1989. The control group consisted of 187 unvaccinated children of similar age and background. During the 6-week study period, influenza A infection was diagnosed in five (3%) of 187 vaccinees and in 29 (16%) of 187 controls. Acute otitis media developed in three (60%) of five vaccinees with an influenza A infection compared with 18 (67%) of 27 controls (excluded were two children with a double viral infection). The incidence of acute otitis media associated with influenza A was reduced by 83% in the vaccinees. The total number of children with acute otitis media in the vaccine group was 35, compared with 55 in the control group, disclosing a 36% reduction among the vaccinees. We conclude that influenza vaccination decreases the incidence of acute otitis media in children during an influenza A epidemic, suggesting also that other vaccines against respiratory viruses may be an effective way to reduce the incidence of acute otitis media.
Causality↗
Viruses in acute otitis media: increasing evidence for clinical significance.
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Acute Disease↗
Pharmacokinetics and clinical response of hyoscine plus morphine premedication in connection with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Plasma hyoscine and morphine levels and various pharmacodynamic responses have been examined in seven patients scheduled for a coronary-artery bypass graft. Hyoscine 0.006 mg kg-1 and morphine 0.20 mg kg-1 were administered intramuscularly as routine premedication. Surgery was performed using high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia (100 micrograms kg-1). The clinical responses followed were heart rate, blood pressure, subjective sedation and antisialogogue effect. The plasma hyoscine levels were determined by radioreceptor assay, and plasma morphine levels by liquid chromatography, both up to 24 h. The maximum levels of plasma hyoscine (6.6 micrograms l-1) and morphine (158 micrograms l-1) and the time they were reached (13.0 and 9.7 min, respectively) were comparable with the values obtained in earlier studies using young healthy subjects. After the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, significant decreases in plasma levels of both hyoscine and morphine were found. The elimination half-life of hyoscine in the plasma was 2.4 h, which is somewhat greater than obtained in earlier studies with young healthy patients under regional anaesthesia. Elimination of plasma morphine (t1/2el = 3.3 h) was not significantly altered by the procedure. The sedative and antisialogogue effects of the drugs appeared quickly and were significant, but no tachycardia or other side effects were observed. In conclusion, the kinetic properties of both hyoscine and morphine are suitable for routine use as premedicants before cardiac surgery.
Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
Respiratory virus infection as a cause of prolonged symptoms in acute otitis media.
We studied respiratory viruses in 22 children with acute otitis media who had failed to improve after at least 48 hours of antimicrobial therapy. The mean duration of preenrollment antimicrobial therapy was 4.8 days. For comparison we studied 66 children with newly diagnosed acute otitis media. Respiratory viruses were isolated from middle ear fluid or from the nasopharynx, or both, significantly more often in the patients unresponsive to initial antimicrobial therapy than in the comparison patients (68% vs 41%, p less than 0.05). Viruses were recovered from the middle ear fluid in 32% of the study patients and from 15% of the comparison group. Bacteria were isolated from the middle ear fluid of four (18%) children in the study group; one child had an isolate resistant to initial antimicrobial therapy. All four children with bacteria in the middle ear fluid had evidence of concomitant respiratory virus infection. Our results indicate that respiratory virus infection is often present in patients with acute otitis media unresponsive to initial antimicrobial therapy, and may explain the prolongation of symptoms of infection. Resistant bacteria seem to be a less common cause of failure of the initial treatment.
Acute Disease↗
Rhinovirus in otitis media with effusion.
We studied rhinovirus in the middle ear fluid of 61 children with subacute or chronic otitis media with effusion. Rhinovirus was recovered from the middle ear fluid of 5 children with subacute otitis media with effusion. The minimum duration of effusion was 32 to 60 days. Additionally, 1 patient had middle ear fluid that was positive for adenovirus. Bacterial pathogens were cultured from the middle ear fluid of 20 of 61 patients. Our finding that rhinovirus can be isolated from middle ear fluid after an asymptomatic period of several weeks suggests its possible role in the development of otitis media with effusion.
Bacteria↗
Clinical role of respiratory virus infection in acute otitis media.
The clinical characteristics of acute otitis media in relation to coexisting respiratory virus infection were studied in a 1-year prospective study of 363 children with acute otitis media. Respiratory viruses were detected using virus isolation and virus antigen detection in nasopharyngeal specimens of 42% of the patients at the time of diagnosis. Rhinovirus (24%) and respiratory syncytial virus (13%) were the two most common viruses detected. Adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and coronavirus OC43 were found less frequently. The mean duration of preceding symptoms was 5.9 days before the diagnosis of acute otitis media. Ninety-four percent of the children had symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Fever was reported in 55% and earache in 47% of cases. Patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection had fever, cough, and vomiting significantly more often than patients with rhinovirus infection or virus-negative patients. No significant differences were found in the appearance of the tympanic membrane and outcome of illness between virus-negative and virus-positive patients with acute otitis. Most patients respond well to antimicrobial therapy despite the coexisting viral infection. If the symptoms of infection persist, they can be due to the underlying viral infection, and viral diagnostics preferably with rapid methods may be clinically useful in these patients.
Acute Disease↗
Myocardial oxygen balance and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
The frequency of anaerobic myocardial metabolism was studied in 14 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery during enflurane-supplemented high-dose fentanyl anesthesia and compared with other clinical monitors of myocardial ischemia including the configuration of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and electrocardiographic findings. Hemodynamic parameters, coronary sinus blood flow, myocardial oxygen and lactate extractions, and a seven-lead ECG were recorded before and after cannulation of the aorta and vena cava, during total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a vented heart, during rewarming after global myocardial ischemia and cold cardioplegia, and 15 minutes after coming off bypass. The cannulation for CPB induced no changes in the central or coronary hemodynamics, but four patients had abnormal lactate metabolism. Two of these also had ST segment depression, and two had prominent AC waves on the PCWP tracing. Coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen extraction were maintained at the beginning of CPB, but lactate extraction decreased markedly or turned to lactate production, and ECG changes indicating myocardial ischemia were seen in five patients. During rewarming and after CPB, all patients had abnormal lactate metabolism despite decreased myocardial oxygen extraction, adequate coronary perfusion pressure, and adequate coronary sinus blood flow. During these periods most patients also had cardiac conduction disturbances that made the interpretation of the ST segment impossible. Only one patient had clearly abnormal AC and V waves on the PCWP tracing after CPB. Two patients had ECG evidence of a perioperative myocardial infarction, but they had no significant clinical consequences. Four patients had a fascicular block at discharge. These results indicate that anaerobic myocardial metabolism is common during and after CPB, and that associated myocardial ischemia cannot always be reliably detected by changes in the ECG or the PCWP tracings.
Anaerobiosis↗
Acute otitis media and respiratory virus infections.
We studied the association of acute otitis media with different respiratory virus infections in a pediatric department on the basis of epidemics between 1980 and 1985. Altogether 4524 cases of acute otitis media were diagnosed. The diagnosis was confirmed by tympanocentesis in 3332 ears. Respiratory virus infection was diagnosed during the same period in 989 patients by detecting viral antigen in nasopharyngeal mucus. There was a significant correlation between acute otitis media and respiratory virus epidemics, especially respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. There was no significant correlation between outbreaks of other respiratory viruses and acute otitis media. Acute otitis media was diagnosed in 57% of respiratory syncytial virus, 35% of influenza A virus, 33% of parainfluenza type 3 virus, 30% of adenovirus, 28% of parainfluenza type 1 virus, 18% of influenza B virus and 10% of parainfluenza type 2 virus infections. These observations show a clear association of respiratory virus infections with acute otitis media. In this study on hospitalized children Haemophilus influenzae strains were the most common bacteriologic pathogens in middle ear fluid, occurring in 19% of cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae was present in 16% and Branhamella catarrhalis in 7% of cases. There was no association between specific viruses and bacteria observed in this study.
Female↗
Rhinovirus in acute otitis media.
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Acute Disease↗
Low-dose enflurane as adjunct to high-dose fentanyl in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery: stable hemodynamics and maintained myocardial oxygen balance.
The effects of enflurane (end-tidal concentration 0.7%) on central and coronary hemodynamics and myocardial oxygenation were studied during steady state, high-dose fentanyl anesthesia in ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting operations. Compared with the response in ten patients receiving the same fentanyl anesthesia (100 micrograms/kg) without enflurane supplementation, enflurane caused a moderate reduction in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular stroke work index. No patient showed signs of myocardial ischemia, and mean coronary sinus flow and calculated coronary resistance remained unchanged. Surgical stimulation induced no central or coronary hemodynamic responses in the enflurane-fentanyl group. No coronary hemodynamic changes occurred in the fentanyl group, but a marked increase in arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance was seen. Myocardial oxygen extraction decreased in the enflurane supplemented group although it increased in the fentanyl group after surgical stimulation. Three fentanyl group patients and one enflurane-fentanyl group patient had a low myocardial lactate extraction as a sign of myocardial ischemia during surgery. We conclude that a 0.7% enflurane supplementation of 100 micrograms/kg fentanyl anesthesia does not endanger myocardial oxygenation and effectively prevents central and coronary hemodynamic responses to skin incision and sternotomy in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.
Anesthesia, General↗
Trace elements and plasmapheresis.
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Adolescent↗
Surgical stimulation during high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia: effects of dehydrobenzperidol on the haemodynamics and myocardial oxygenation.
Twenty-four patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass grafting operation with high-dose fentanyl (100 micrograms/kg)-lorazepam-oxygen anaesthesia were divided into a control group and a group receiving in addition 0.25 mg/kg dehydrobenzperidol (DHBP) before the skin incision (DHBP-group). The changes in the central and coronary haemodynamics and the myocardial oxygenation were studied and compared between the two groups during the skin incision and sternotomy, in order to evaluate the possible effects of the dehydrobenzperidol in preventing the harmful haemodynamic effects of surgical stimulation during high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia. In the control group a marked increase in the systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure was seen during surgery. This haemodynamic stimulation was prevented by dehydrobenzperidol during the skin incision and markedly reduced during the sternotomy. Regardless of whether or not DHBP was given, a significant increase in the myocardial oxygen consumption was observed during the sternotomy; in the control group, the increase was slightly higher and was compensated by a greater increase in the myocardial oxygen extraction. No significant changes were seen in the coronary sinus blood flow or coronary vascular resistance in either group during the study period. The surgery caused no change in the myocardial lactate extraction in either group, although myocardial lactate production was observed in one control patient and the myocardial lactate extraction was markedly reduced in two other control patients and one DHBP patient.
Coronary Artery Bypass↗
Haemodynamics and myocardial oxygenation during anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery: comparison between enflurane and high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia.
Changes in central and coronary haemodynamics and myocardial oxygenation during anaesthesia induction, intubation, skin incision and sternotomy were studied in 24 patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass grafting operation under either high-dose fentanyl or enflurane anaesthesia. The anaesthesia induction caused no changes in the coronary haemodynamics in either group, in spite of a marked decrease in the coronary perfusion pressure during enflurane induction. In both groups a decrease in the coronary sinus blood flow and an increase in the coronary vascular resistance was observed after the intubation. At this stage, two patients in both groups had a low level of myocardial lactate extraction, indicating possible myocardial ischaemia; mean myocardial lactate extraction had decreased significantly from the awake level in both groups. A circulatory response to surgical stimulation was seen in both groups, although it could be somewhat better controlled during enflurane anaesthesia. In the enflurane patients the increase in myocardial oxygen demand was accompanied by increased coronary flow, while in the fentanyl group the increase in coronary flow was not in proportion to the increased oxygen demand, and an increase in myocardial oxygen extraction was also seen. During surgery, three fentanyl patients and one enflurane patient had a low level of myocardial lactate extraction.
Anesthesia, General↗
Midazolam kinetics before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Gas-chromatographically determined serum concentrations of midazolam were recorded before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients scheduled for a coronary artery bypass grafting operation. Following single 0.075 mg/kg (n = 6) and 0.15 mg/kg (n = 6) intravenous injections of midazolam, a mean distribution phase half-life of 3.4 and 4.4 min respectively was calculated. At the establishment of the bypass, a rapid drop in the concentration of midazolam was observed followed by a significant increase in concentration during the postperfusion period. The apparent mean elimination phase half-life (281 min) of midazolam was longer than that (about 120 min) measured in earlier works in young, healthy subjects. Thus the metabolism of midazolam during the postperfusion period appears to be slower.
Benzodiazepines↗
[Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].
10 myasthenia patients were treated surgically during a four year period, 1970 TO 1973. Thymectomy was only resorted to in the most severe cases of the disease. A sternum splitting incision was preferred. Postoperative diffculties were usually avoided by routine use of a volume-controlled respirator. Oro-tracheal intubation was preferred to tracheostomy in order to avoid infection. In 9 patients it was possible to reduce the daily dose of medicine. Clinical improvement, sometimes delayed, occurred in 8 patients. All the patients had been incapacitated preoperatively but in 6 cases they were able to return to work. The mortality rate was nil. There was one case of postoperative pneumonia and one delayed sternal union.
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
Experiences with the Björk-Shiley tilting disc valve in aortic and mitral valve surgery.
During a four-year period, aortic or mitral valve replacements with the Björk-Shiley tilting disc valve were performed in 114 cases. The series comprises 75 aortic, 34 mitral and 5 double valve replacements. In the aortic valve group (AVR) concomitant resection of the ascending aorta (cystic medial necrosis aneurysm)) was carried out in 5 cases, aortocoronary bypass in 2 cases and closure of a VSD in one case. Antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative anticoagulant treatment were used routinely. The hospital mortality rates were6 8.0% in the AVR-group (single aortic valve mortality 7.1 %), 8.8% in the MVR-group and 60% in the double valve group. Late mortality in the AVR-group was 2.8%. There were no late thromboembolic complications in this group. Aortography showed grade II--III regurgitation (paravalvular leaks) in 15 % of the cases. In the MVR-group the late mortality was 9.7%. One patient died because of malfunction (thrombosis) of the prosthesis. The thrombotic complication was obviously caused by discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. The clinically estimated functional capacity NYHA classification) improved considerably, especially in the MVR-group.
Adolescent↗