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M Azmitia

Publications and source records attributed to M Azmitia.

4 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Age differences in adults' scene memory: knowledge and strategy interactions.

Three studies explored young and old adults' use of knowledge to support memory performance. Subjects viewed slides of familiar scenes containing high expectancy and low expectancy items and received free recall (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), cued recall (Experiments 1 and 2), and recognition (Experiments 1 and 2) tests. In Experiment 1 encoding intentionality was varied between subjects. Young adults performed better than old adults on all tests, but on all tests, both age groups produced a similar pattern of better memory of high expectancy than low expectancy items and showed an encoding intentionality effect for low expectancy items. In Experiments 2 and 3 all subjects were told to intentionally encode only one item from each scene; the remaining items could be encoded incidentally. Young adults performed better than old adults, although again, the pattern of performance of the two age groups was similar. High expectancy and low expectancy intentional items were recalled equally well, but high expectancy incidental items were recalled better than low expectancy incidental items. Low expectancy intentional items were recognized better than high expectancy intentional items, but incidental high expectancy items were recognized better than incidental low expectancy items. It was concluded that young and old adults use their knowledge in similar ways to guide scene memory. The effects of item expectancy and item intentionality were interpreted within Hasher & Zacks' (2) model of automatic and effortful processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A life-span study of the interaction of selectivity and knowledge in memory.

Preschool children, young adults, and old adults viewed a series of familiar scenes and were asked to remember 1 item from each. The incidental memory of both children and old adults was less accurate than that of young adults. The result for children contrasts with the typical result of selective memorization research. Memory for high-expectancy items exceeded that for low-expectancy items by a greater margin when items were incidental, suggesting that even preschool children activate scene schemas during encoding. Only the young adults, however, showed the predicted tendency to recognize low-expectancy items better than high-expectancy items when items were intentional. These results may be reconcilable if some, but not all, schema-mediated encoding effects on memory depend on strategic encoding.

Adolescent↗