The historiography of chemistry in the eighteenth century: a preliminary survey and bibliography.
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Biochemistry↗
Biomedical subjects
M Beretta
Publications and source records attributed to M Beretta.
Dual role of hypoxanthine in the reoxygenation of hypoxic isolated rat hearts.
In the reoxygenated hypoxic heart, hypoxanthine is either oxidized by xanthine oxidase with production of toxic oxygen species or salvaged for the ATP pool by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. To characterize the repartition of hypoxanthine between the two pathways, we have subjected rat hearts to 20 min hypoxia and monitored the recovery (ventricular, end-diastolic and coronary pressures, and the contraction rate) during the reoxygenation (30 min) in the presence of either hypoxanthine or guanine alone, or both. The rate-pressure product recovered 78% of the pre-hypoxia values in hearts reoxygenated with 100 microM hypoxanthine and 80% in hearts reoxygenated with 100 microM guanine, in contrast to 49% in the presence of both hypoxanthine and guanine (100 microM each). Thus, it is likely that hypoxanthine is salvaged when present alone and is oxidized generating the reperfusion injury when the salvage is prevented by guanine that competes with hypoxanthine from the same site of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. The functional impairment was slower when hypoxanthine was replaced by xanthine, and was eliminated by superoxide dismutase and catalase, indicating that the injury is caused by toxic oxygen species generated from hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase. These data suggest that the salvage pathway may be critical in preventing the reperfusion injury in hypoxic hearts.
Animals↗
Kinship structures and migration in the Po Delta.
The kinship analysis of seven genetic systems in the province of Ferrara permits some considerations on the possible chronology of emergence of their polymorphisms in the area. It is proposed that, assuming neutrality of these systems, and under several restrictions, the emergence by migration of the polymorphisms in the seven systems ACP, ESD, GLO, GPT, PGD, PGM1, PGP might have had the following sequence: PGP and GLO and possibly PGD; PGM1 and GPT; ACP and ESD. All polymorphisms must be older than the beta-thalassemia polymorphism in the area.
Alleles↗
Linkage of biopsy, cancer, and population records aimed at the estimation of family risks in neoplasia: a pilot study.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to link individual demographic and medical records into sibships to obtain the sibling distribution of biopsies and cancers, and thereby calculate heritability and recurrence risks in families, thus aiding early diagnosis and prevention of cancers. DESIGN: The 157,823 individual records of the inhabitants of the town of Ferrara in Italy were automatically linked into 106,821 sibships. A 10% sample (10,842 sibships) was then extracted from the distribution of sibships and tabulated, for linkage to medical records. PATIENTS: The biopsy records at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Ferrara were manually linked to cancer records and then to sibships. It was possible to construct the distribution of 2062 biopsies and of 829 cancers in sibships. RESULTS: From the distribution of biopsies and tumours in sibships, it was possible to estimate the incidence of tumours in the population (0.052) and in siblings of affected (0.083), and to apply to such distributions current methods for the estimate of heritability (h2 = 0.246) and of recurrence risks of tumours in sibships, age independent. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the procedure resulting in the estimation of incidences and recurrence risks for tumours could be completely automated, and extended to whole populations and homogeneous subgroups in post industrial cultures.
Biopsy↗
[Traumatic injuries++ of the external genitalia: a case of avulsion of the penile skin].
The Authors report their recent experience about a penis trauma with a subtotal organ skinning. After the literature analysis, the AA. explain the case, with a particular attention to the surgical repairing technique. The surgical outcomes are discussed and it is re-marked the necessity of a precise diagnostic approach and follow up, also to prevent possible unerectional chains.
Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗
Impairment of the post-anoxic recovery of isolated rat hearts by intravascular hypoxanthine and xanthine.
Hypoxanthine is the final product of the catabolism of ATP in the stored red cell. Upon transfusion, this purine may be uptaken by the endothelial cell and oxidized in a post-ischemic or post-anoxic environment with production of oxygen-derived free radicals. We have tested this hypothesis with a isolated perfused rat heart model monitoring the recovery of the heart function from 20 min anoxia in the presence of 0.1 mM hypoxanthine or xanthine. Addition of 0.1 mM guanine minimized the fraction of hypoxanthine to be salvaged. The presence of hypoxanthine in the vascular space impaired the recovery of the end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, contraction rate, and coronary perfusion pressure. We conclude that intravascular hypoxanthine is oxidized by the endothelial cell xanthine oxidase contributing to the post-anoxic reoxygenation injury. Since the injury led by equimolar xanthine was nearly half of that observed for hypoxanthine, this injury appears to be correlated to the stoichiometry of the oxygen-derived free radical generating reaction.
Animals↗
Isonymy and migration distance.
The distribution of surnames of the living immigrants in the population of the town of Ferrara was studied by sex of immigrants and by distance of their place of origin from Ferrara. It was found that isonymy decreases with distance from the place of origin and that there is sexual dimorphism in migration distance: females migrate preferentially at short distances and males at long and very long distances. As indicators of the abundance of surnames in a distribution, the common ecological indices derived from entropy were used, and compared between migration ranges. It was found that redundancy, like isonymy, decreases with migration distance, and that it may be useful in detecting very-long-distance migration.
Emigration and Immigration↗
Genetic structure of the human population in the Po delta.
The genetic structure of the population of Ferrara Province in the Po delta in Italy was investigated using chi 2 analysis, kinship analysis, analysis of correspondences, and geographical mapping of principal components of gene frequencies. chi 2 Analysis tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and for heterogeneity of gene and phenotype frequencies; kinship analysis tests for association between indicators of genetic and geographic proximity; analysis of correspondences relates localities and genetic systems in an eigenvectorial space; and geographic mapping displays the principal components of gene frequencies in the real space. In 1,364 adults in 26 residential units, seven presumably neutral isoenzyme systems were typed; ACP1 ESD, GLO I, GPT, PGD, PGM1 and PGP. It was found that average kinship for these neutral systems is correlated with geographic distance in this small area, but not as strongly as kinship for beta-thalassemia. A north-south gradient was observed for ESD. Analysis of correspondences indicated GPT, PGM1, and GLO I as the systems contributing most to differentiation within the province. The maps obtained from principal components of gene frequencies were consistent with the migrational history of the area.
Adult↗
Distribution of enzyme polymorphisms in six Sicilian communes.
The relations between seven genetic systems in six Sicilian communes (a commune is the smallest unit in the Italian administrative system) were explored in a sample of 719 young adults. It was found that there is some correspondence between geographic location and genetic differentiation, through kinship analysis and correspondence analysis. A probable bottleneck or mutation effect was observed in the commune of Vizzini, in Southeastern Sicily, which is characterized by a polymorphic frequency of the allele H of 6PGD.
Adult↗
Population structure of Sicily: beta-thalassemia and HbS.
The population structure of two alleles with similar characteristics, HbS and beta-thalassemia, was studied in the same area in Sicily. It was observed that beta-thalassemia has uniform frequencies over the island, and that HbS shows a South-North cline. A singularity exists for HbS in the town of Butera, where the frequency of the S gene is six times higher than the island average. It was suggested that HbS entered Sicily from Greece (or directly from North Africa) when the beta-thalassemia allele was already established in the Island.
Alleles↗
A study of several red cell enzyme markers in two samples of the Italian population. Report of new CA1 and PGD variant phenotypes.
Gene frequencies for 17 red cell enzymatic markers have been determined in two samples of the Italian population (Lombardy and Tuscany regions). A significant difference was found between the two samples for the AK1 and PGM1 systems (AK1*2 .028 and .044, PGM1*2 .254 and .301 in Lombardy and Tuscany respectively). Variant phenotypes, for PEPA, PEPB, CA2, PGM2, PGD and GPT markers, have been observed; some of these are due to new alleles occurring at the CA2 and PGD loci.
Alleles↗
Population structure of eastern Sicily.
A sample of 465 persons from Eastern Sicily was studied for 11 red-cell enzymes, namely GLO, GPT, EsD, PGP, PGD, Dia, AcP, PGM, SOD, CAI and CAII. The allele frequencies were compared with those of other Italian populations and showed that the island is homogeneous with the mainland for these systems. The rate of heterozygosity was studied as a function of interparental distance; although high (0.77) the correlation did not reach significance.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Study of human red cell NADH diaphorase (Dia1) in the Italian population.
A total of about 4,500 individuals from Northern, Central and Southern Italy have been analyzed for red cell NADH diaphorase. The results show that the Italians differ significantly (p less than 0.005) from the other examined populations of European origin by showing a higher frequency of the Dia2 allele (6.4%) and a lower frequency of other Dia variants (0.6%).
Adult↗
Leukocytes deposition on dialyzer membranes.
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Cell Adhesion↗
A study of the change induced on cuprophan dialysis membrane by repeated use.
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Cellulose↗
A new rare variant of the glyoxalase I system of the red cell: GLO-Sicily.
A fast variant of the red cell enzyme glyoxalase I was identified in a sample of 663 persons from Eastern Sicily; the allele was designated GLOSi. The gene frequencies for the common alleles GLO1 and GLO2 are not different from those observed in other southern Italian populations, and are in agreement with the hypothesis of a westward gene flow from Asia.
Alleles↗
Biological safety cabinets and their international standards.
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Environment, Controlled↗
A study of ten red cell enzymatic markers in the Naples' population. Report of a new GPT variant phenotype.
A sample of the population of Naples has been examined for several red cell enzyme markers. About 2,000 newborn have been analyzed for ACP, GLO I, and UMPK; 1,000 of them were also analyzed for PepA and PepB, and 500 for PGM1 and PGM2. In addition about 400 school children have been typed for the PGD and PGP polymorphisms. The observed gene frequencies for the polymorphic systems are: ACPA = 0.293, ACPB = 0.667 and ACPC = 0.040; GLO1 = 0.372; GPT2 = 0.462; UMPK2 = 0.029; PGM21 = 0.279; PGDC = 0.037; PGP1 = 0.953, PGP2 = 0.038 and PGP3 = 0.009. Moreover during the screening of PepA, PepB and GPT markers, some rare alleles have been encountered, one of which, at the GPT locus, has never been reported before. We propose for it the name GPT10.
Acid Phosphatase↗