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Biomedical subjects

M Bru

Publications and source records attributed to M Bru.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Appearance of resistance to meropenem during the treatment of a patient with meningitis by Acinetobacter.

A case is reported of a patient who developed Acinetobacter meningitis after an external ventricular drainage system had been fitted for control of intracranial pressure. During the process, nine strains of Acinetobacter isolated from her cerebrospinal fluid were indistinguishable by analysis of total genomic DNA by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. The first eight strains were sensitive to meropenem and imipenem (MICs < 1 g/l). The MIC of the last one, which had been recovered after 32 days during two courses of treatment with meropenem, increased to > 32 g/l for meropenem, while with imipenem the increase was minimal (MIC = 1.5 g/l). The microorganism persisted in the central nervous system despite the administration of different antimicrobials, including intraventricular aminoglycosides and six changes in the external ventricular system. The patient died 68 days after admission to the intensive care unit from bilateral cerebral ischemic lesions, intraventricular hemorrhage and cerebral edema with endocraneal hypertension, the Acinetobacter ventriculitis also contributing to this state.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1997

Endogenous endotoxemia of intestinal origin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Role of type of flow and protective effect of selective digestive decontamination.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible related factors to endotoxemia and cytokine activation during the ischemic phase of extracorporeal surgery, and the effect of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) as a preventive measure. DESIGN: Prospective, open, randomized trial. SETTING: Two multidisciplinary ICUs (tertiary care hospitals). PATIENTS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), randomly allocated to two groups; gut decontamination (group I = 50 cases) and controls (group II = 50 cases). INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative administration of oral non-absorbable antibiotics (polymyxin E, tobramycin and amphotericin B) versus no administration. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The assessment of decontamination by means of the bacteriologic control of rectal swabs. Determinations of gastric intramucosal pH (gastric pHi) and plasma endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) aNd interleukin-6 (IL-6) before surgery and during the ischemic and reperfusion phases of bypass. Rectal aerobic Gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) were significantly reduced in the treated patients and in 56% total eradication was achieved. Endotoxin, TNF and IL-6 plasma levels were significantly lower in this group. By contrast, both endotoxin and TNF/IL-6 levels and gastric pHi correlated with the type of surgical flow (pulsatile versus non-pulsatile). CONCLUSIONS: SDD reduces the gut content of enterobacteria. This may explain the lower endotoxin and cytokine levels detected in decontaminated patients. In addition to SDD, the type of flow employed during bypass seems to influence endotoxemia and cytokine levels.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1993

Can selective digestive decontamination avoid the endotoxemia and cytokine activation promoted by cardiopulmonary bypass?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of selective digestive decontamination on endotoxemia and cytokine activation during the ischemic phase of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, open, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Two multidisciplinary intensive care units in tertiary care hospitals. PATIENTS: Eighty consecutive patients randomly allocated to two groups: selective digestive decontamination (group 1, n = 40) and controls (group 2, n = 40). INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative administration of oral antibiotics (polymyxin E, tobramycin, and amphotericin B) vs. untreated controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Assessment of decontamination by bacteriologic evaluation of rectal swabs (colony-forming units [cfu]/mL) were made in each group, along with circulating endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) determinations before surgery, during ischemic and reperfusion phases of bypass, and at 4 hrs and at 24 hrs after surgery. Group 1 patients showed that rectal bacteria decreased ten-fold after treatment for 24 hrs, thousand-fold after 48 hrs, and registered 0 cfu/mL after digestive decontamination was administered for > 72 hrs. Endotoxin and IL-6 assays showed significantly lower values in this latter group vs. those circulating concentrations of control patients. On the other hand, both endotoxin and IL-6 concentrations correlated positively with the duration of surgical ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Selective digestive decontamination reduces the gut content of enterobacteria, with complete elimination after 3 days of treatment. This fact could explain the lower endotoxin and cytokine concentrations found in the blood samples of patients who had been fully decontaminated. Duration of aortic cross-clamping is an important factor in generating endotoxemia and in the activation of cytokines.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Role of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) in the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia (NP): is gastric decontamination necessary?

In the course of a prospective selective digestive decontamination (SDD) trial to prevent nosocomial pneumonia (NP) during mechanical ventilation (MV), we carried out serial cultures of gastric aspirate to assess the importance of gastric colonization for potential respiratory pathogens and its relationship to the simultaneous gastric pH, to whether the patients were receiving Sucralfate or Ranitidine and to the nutritional biochemical parameters. If NP developed, a bronchial sample was taken by fibreoptic bronchoscopy to determine the causal organisms and its relationship to the previous gastric isolated. Results show: 1) Increase in aerobic Gram negative bacilli colonization during hospitalization. 2) Direct relationship between colonization level and gastric pH. 3) Greater pH in ranitidine vs sucralfate group. 4) Low incidence of NP (11%), the majority of these (66%) being early. 5) No bacteriological correlation between gastric colonization and aetiological agents of NP. 6) Close relationship between pharyngeal colonization and causative germs of pulmonary infection (40%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Infections and systemic lupus erythematosus. Analysis of risk factors and prognosis. A prospective study (1979-1988)].

We have prospectively studied 48 patients previously diagnosed of systemic lupus erythematosus over a mean follow up period of 5.8 years of which 28 presented 36 episodes of infection and 20 did not develop infections. Urinary infections were the most frequent kind of infection followed by pneumonia and bacteriemia; the most frequently isolated microorganism responsible for those infections were E. colii, staphylococcus aureu and P. mirabillis. We have found a risk factors that and impared renal function an steroid treatment over 20 mg/day were significantly associated with a increasing number of infectious precesses. On the contrary, we have observed that only a bad and critical clinical situation had prognostic value and was significantly associated with an increased mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lotifazole (F 1686), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with an unusual pharmacological spectrum.

Lotifazole (F 1686) - 4-phenyl-2-(2',2',2-trichloroethoxycarboxamido) thiazole - has a range of anti-inflammatory activities in animals that differs from the activities of classic non-steroidal drugs. It reduces carrageenin-induced oedema in rats, UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs, and Arthus pleurisies in rats only at high doses. It does not affect Freund's-adjuvant polyarthritis, and it only slightly affects passive skin anaphylaxis in rats and anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Lotifazole does not greatly inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. However, at low doses and after various conditions of treatment, F 1686 reduces PPD- and Bordetella- pertussis-induced delayed-hypersensitivity pleurisy in guinea pigs and rats, respectively, and contact hypersensitivity reactions to picryl chloride and oxazolone in mice. Its action on the two models of delayed-hypersensitivity pleurisy is reflected in a decrease of the pleural exudate and of the number of mononuclear cells in the focus of inflammation. At active doses, Lotifazole does not cause changes in the differential leukocyte count in normal animals. It appears, furthermore, to be a T-lymphocyte stimulant.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1984

Pharmacological comparison of the immune and non-immune inflammations induced by picryl chloride and oxazolone in mice.

Picryl chloride applied to the ears of Swiss mice induced a clearcut primary irritation inflammation (maximal after 3 to 6 hr) and after contact sensitization performed 7 days before a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Oxazolone produced only a weak primary irritation reaction. After contact sensitization in the same conditions as above, oxazolone induced an immune response that was already substantial 3 to 6 hr after the challenge and generally reached a maximum after 24 hr. We tried to alter these four types of inflammation (the primary irritation and delayed hypersensitivity to picryl chloride, and the 6-hr and 24-hr phases of hypersensitivity to oxazolone) by various types of compounds administered cutaneously or sytemically. Mepyramine, methysergide, cimetidine, disodium cromoglycate, phenylbutazone, and acetylsalicylic acid reduced to varying degrees after cutaneous application the primary irritation and the delayed hypersensitivity inflammation induced by picryl chloride. Methysergide was the only one of these drugs that on topical application clearly reduced the immune response to oxazolone (decrease in the 6-hr phase). After systemic administration, these same drugs had no effect on the four types of reaction. Both the corticosteroids tested (hydrocortisone acetate and desonide) reduced all the inflammations to various degrees and were always more active (particularly desonide) when applied topically than when administered systemically. On the other hand indomethacin, which inhibited all types of inflammation, was more active when administered systemically. Study of the kinetics and trials of pharmacological modulation of the various reactions induced by picryl chloride and oxazolone in Swiss mice provided evidence of differences in behavior between the two agents.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacological study of the antitussive and respiratory-analeptic properties of N-(2'-ethylpyrrolidino)diphenylacetamide hydrochloride (F 1459).

The antitussive and respiratory stimulant properties of N-(2'-ethylpyrrolidino)diphenylacetamide hydrochloride (F 1459) in animals are reported. In the mechanical stimulation of the trachea in guinea pigs and after intraperitoneal administration of the product, F 1459 showed a better antitussive action as compared to oxeladin, zipeprol, codeine and clobutinol. Low intraduodenal doses of F 1459 also reduced in cats the cough induced by the electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. In anesthetized dogs whose respiratory functions had been depressed by morphine, F 1459 significantly increased the volume inspired per minute, an effect not due to any uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation. F 1459 has local anesthetic and broncholytic properties that may play a role in the mechanism of its antitussive action. Contrarily to codeine, the test compound did not induce a decrease in the intestinal transit.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1982

Modification of two models of Arthus reaction in the rat by various drugs.

The action of several steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, immunosuppressives, and antirheumatics (levamisole, chloroquine, sodium aurothiopropanol sulphonate, D-penicillamine) was studied in two models of Arthus-passive reaction in the rat: paw oedema induced by an anti-ovalbumin serum, and pleurisy induced by an anti-bovine-albumin serum. The steroidal antiinflammatory agents reduced both types of reaction. In pleurisy, they acted on exudate and the number of neutrophils. The non-steroidal compounds were not active on the inflammatory reaction of the paw, but they decreased the volume of exudate in pleurisy without having any clear effect on cellular phenomena. The antirheumatics and immunosuppressives showed little or no action on the two models: of these only gold salt decreased Arthus reaction in the paw.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative antiallergic and anti-inflammatory action of F1865, mepyramine maleate, desonide and disodium cromoglycate after cutaneous administration].

The actions of F 1865 (ethyl 4' methoxy 4 phenyl thiazolyl 2 oxamate), an inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cell, desonide, a corticosteroid, mepyramine maleate, an anti-H1 antihistaminic, and disodium cromoglycate were compared after cutaneous application in various experimental models of allergy and inflammation. F 1865 decreased IgE- and IgG-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats at doses having no effect on histamine- and serotonin-induced capillary permeability. Disodium cromoglycate showed the same activity spectrum, but its action was only found after intradermal application. The reduction of cutaneous anaphylaxis by desonide was found parallel to its inhibition of histamine effects, and to a lesser extent of serotonin effects. In the case of mepyramine, the antiallergic effect may be explained by its antihistaminic action. Desonide was highly active on cantharidin-induced non-immune inflammation and on non-immune and delayed hypersensitivity reactions induced by picryl chloride in mouse ear. Although far less active than the corticosteroid, F 1865, mepyramine and disodium cromoglycate did reduce the three types of reactions in mice. This evidenced a part played by histamine in such inflammations. Then it is likely that the inhibition of histamine release by F 1865 plays an important part in the effect of the compound observed in the various inflammations studied. However we cannot exclude actions against other mediators involved in these reactions.

Administration, Topical↗