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Biomedical subjects

M C Leonard

Publications and source records attributed to M C Leonard.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Implementation and pharmacoeconomic analysis of a clinical staff pharmacist practice model.

The implementation and pharmacoeconomic analysis of a clinical staff pharmacist (CSP) practice model are described. Staff pharmacists at a large, tertiary care, academic medical center were selected and trained to perform clinical pharmacy services under the direction of clinical pharmacy specialist mentors. Clinical interventions by these CSP practitioners were evaluated in terms of direct cost savings (the difference in actual acquisition costs between therapies) and cost avoidance (the dollar value of adverse drug events [ADEs] avoided). The CSPs performed a total of 4959 interventions during a 12-month period. The interventions provided direct cost savings of $92,076 and an estimated cost avoidance of $488,436. Comparing cost savings and cost avoidance with the expenses of providing these services indicated a net economic benefit of $392,660. A new model of pharmacy practice that integrates staff pharmacists into existing clinical practice has the potential to minimize the risks, decrease the costs, and improve the outcomes associated with drug therapy.

Cost Savings↗
PubMed2001

Using efficacy, safety, and cost data to support a formulary decision regarding thrombolytic therapy.

When urokinase was withdrawn from the market, alternative thrombolytics such as alteplase and reteplase needed to be evaluated for peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The efficacy, safety, and cost of these agents were evaluated formally by the Department of Pharmacy and presented to the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. No published data support a difference in efficacy or safety between these agents. A cost analysis estimated the average total cost of care was higher for patients treated with reteplase ($4,556) compared with alteplase ($2,139). Therefore, alteplase was determined to be a more cost-effective thrombolytic agent to treat PVD.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1995

Changing to a client-focused quality service through more effective team work.

The Mary Marlborough Disability Service, a specialist NHS unit providing non-acute support which enables people with physical disabilities to lead independent lives, established an inter-disciplinary team which addresses any problem of relevance to an individual which might affect their daily existence, social life, work, education or leisure pursuits. Identifies three areas of change: the style of service; its effectiveness; its efficiency. Finds, although the unit perceived itself to be working as a team, there were major operational difficulties which led to lack of cohesion and communication. As the unit was resistant to change, a clinical co-ordinator experienced in the field of disability was seconded to to the unit to guide the necessary changes, and a number of lessons were learned.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1989

Development of a leukocytopenic baby guinea pig model with azathioprine and cyclophosphamide.

Immunosuppressive agents were given to baby guinea pigs to develop a leukocytopenic baby guinea pig model. Azathioprine in different doses, and cyclophosamide and methylprednisolone combinations did not result in predictable leukocytopenia without significant mortality. A combination of azathioprine 20 mg and cyclophosphamide 20 mg administered once daily for 5 days to 42 baby guinea pigs resulted in a mean white blood cell count of 2531/mm3 +/- 1198 (a reduction of 3931 +/- 1413 from pretreatment values). The mean counts for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes on day 6 were 398/mm3 and 2035/mm3, respectively. Only 7% mortality was seen in these animals. This model can be utilized to study a variety of bacterial and viral infections in "immunocompromised hosts".

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effects on glucose metabolism of feeding a high-urea diet to sheep.

1. Sheep were given either a basal diet of 107 g crude protein (nitrogen X 6.25)/kg or the same diet to which urea was added to increase the crude protein content to 221 g/kg. Isotope-dilution techniques with [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose were used to measure various criteria of glucose metabolism. The plasma concentrations of urea and potassium were determined. The sheep were then given the alternative diet and the experiment was repeated. 2. Plasma K concentrations were decreased on feeding urea (P less than 0.05). 3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced on the urea treatment (P less than 0.05), while glucose space and metabolic clearance rate were not significantly reduced (P greater than 0.05). 4. Some implications for the feeding of non-protein-N to ruminants are discussed.

Animals↗