PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

M Chabert

Publications and source records attributed to M Chabert.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Laparoscopic repair of incisional hernia: a retrospective study of 159 patients.

BACKGROUND: In this long-term retrospective study, a laparoscopic technique was used for incisional hernia repair. METHODS: Over a 6-year period, we performed laparoscopic repairs with prosthetic mesh in 159 patients suffering from incisional hernia. Morbidity factors were noted and operative data were collected. In addition, early and long-term complications and recurrences were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no deaths as a result of the procedure. In 21 patients (13.8%), the operation was converted to an open procedure. Small bowel perforation occurred in three patients (1.9%). Mean hospital stay was 3.5 days. Early complications occurred in 61 patients (44%). The mean follow-up time was 49 months. There were no infections of the prosthetic mesh. Residual abdominal pain was reported in 31 patients (26%). Bowel obstructions requiring resection were found in two patients (1%), and hernia recurrence was observed in 19 patients (15.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic herniorraphy is a promising technique with all the advantages of minimal-invasive surgery. Nevertheless, close attention needs to be paid to the choice of the hernia and mesh size and to the fixing of the mesh.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An endocrine and metabolic definition of the intermeal interval in humans: evidence for a role of leptin on the prandial pattern through fatty acid disposal.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that leptin provides a hormonal link between adipose stores and food intake. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the role of leptin in the prandial pattern. DESIGN: In experiment 1, a spontaneous prandial pattern was recreated in 6 young, normal-weight men who were deprived of time cues and had blood withdrawn continuously at a frequency of one tube every 5 min. Meals were consumed ad libitum and dinner was requested voluntarily. Data from a second experiment, conducted in 8 subjects, were used to confirm the changes in leptin during the intermeal interval (IMI). RESULTS: Plasma leptin gradually rose to a peak (62 +/- 18% of the lunch concentration) during the IMI and declined before the dinner request (-21 +/- 4% of the peak concentration). This preprandial decline was confirmed in experiment 2 (-15 +/- 9%). The leptin concentration at lunch and fat-free mass were the only significant predictors of the IMI (both: r(2) = 0.91, P = 0.03). With fat intake at lunch, the leptin concentration at lunch was a positive predictor of the area under the curve of plasma fatty acids during the IMI (r(2) = 0.95, P = 0.01). Moreover, the leptin concentration at lunch was negatively correlated with energy intake in the first course of this meal (r = -0.95, P < 0.005). A similar result was found at dinner (r = -0.85, P < 0.05). Last, the change in leptin was predicted accurately by changes in glucose, triacylglycerol, and fatty acids (r(2) = 0.87, P < 10(-5)). CONCLUSION: Plasma leptin concentrations increase during a spontaneous IMI and decline before the onset of a meal. The results argue for a role of leptin in the prandial pattern through fatty acid peripheral disposal.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Is pleasantness of biscuits and cakes related to their actual or to their perceived sugar and fat contents?

Perceptions of sugar, fat and moisture contents, as well as their influences on pleasantness were investigated in commercial foods. One-hundred-and-two-normal-weight men rated the "pleasantness", "flavour intensity", "moisture", "sweetness" and "fatness" of 39 different biscuits and cakes. Sugar content was accurately perceived up to a maximum content of about 33% weight/weight. The perception of fat content was less accurate and depended on both fat and sugar contents. High sugar contents seemed to decrease perception of fatness. Pleasantness was influenced mainly by sugar content and less by fat content. Pleasantness was better predicted by rated contents than by actual contents; it was even better predicted by the overall flavour intensity. Preferences for high fat stimuli did not appear to be based on conscious perception of their fat content. We conclude that the classical results obtained with simple experimental stimuli remain valid, as a first approximation, for commercial biscuits and cakes, despite their complex sensory characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Mechanical value of prostheses and fixation with staples in repair of abdominal eventrations].

From an experimental study on fresh corpses, using a system which allows reproductible measures, we evaluated the physical strain to which prosthetic meshes are subjected during the initial phase of repair of abdominal eventrations treated by mesh. We also studied the various systems of staple fixation. The adhesivity or resistance-to-tear of the mesh is minimally dependent on the texture of the plaque; additionall, we also demonstrated the role of the size of the mesh. Stapling may compensate for the lack in size and increase the resistance-to-slip with larger values for radial stapling as compared to tangential stapling. Other fields of applications are possible. The use of glue or absorbable staples is considered.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1997

Cephalic phase responses to sweet taste.

The sweet taste of nonnutritive sweeteners has been reported to increase hunger and food intake through the mechanism of cephalic-phase insulin release (CPIR). We investigated the effect of oral sensation of sweetness on CPIR and other indexes associated with glucose metabolism using nutritive and nonnutritive sweetened tablets as stimuli. At lunchtime, 12 normal-weight men sucked for 5 min a sucrose, an aspartame-polydextrose, or an unsweetened polydextrose tablet (3 g) with no added flavor. The three stimuli were administered in a counterbalanced order, each on a separate day at 1-wk intervals. Blood was drawn continuously for 45 min before and 25 min after the beginning of sucking and samples were collected at 1-min intervals. Spontaneous oscillations in glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations were assessed as were increments (slopes) of fatty acid concentrations during the baseline period. The nature of the baseline (oscillations: glucose, insulin, and glucagon; and slopes: fatty acids) was taken into account in the analyses of postexposure events. No CPIR and no significant effect on plasma glucagon or fatty acid concentrations were observed after the three stimuli. However, there was a significant decrease in plasma glucose and insulin after all three stimuli. Only the consumption of the sucrose tablet was followed by a postabsorptive increase in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations starting 17 and 19 min, respectively, after the beginning of sucking. In conclusion, this study suggested that oral stimulation provided by sweet nonflavored tablets is not sufficient for inducing CPIR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Alteration of cardiovascular vagosympathetic control evaluated by spectral analysis of variations of heart rate and blood pressure in obesity].

Several studies suggest alterations of parasympathetic and sympathetic control in obesity. We have already shown that more than 40% of non diabetic obese subjects have alterations of parasympathetic control of heart rate (HR) variations. The present study aimed to investigate parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular control by using spectral analysis. Sixty-two non diabetic obese subjects were compared to 38 sex-matched healthy controls. Spectral analysis was performed by Anapres system and identified two particular peaks: the one of high frequency (0.20-0.25 Hz) for heart rate variations during controlled breathing which depends on parasympathetic activity, the other of low frequency (around 0.10 Hz) for systolic BP variations in the standing position which mainly depend on sympathetic activity. In control subjects the amplitude of the high frequency peak (r = -0.556, p < 0.0001) but not the amplitude of the low frequency peak correlated negatively with age. In the obese subjects both the high and low frequency peaks correlated negatively with age (r = -0.249; p = 0.05 and r = -0.289, p = 0.036 respectively) and did not correlate with body mass index. The high frequency peak was significantly lower than in controls (4.80 +/- 3.37 (SD) vs 8.38 +/- 4.14; p < 0.0001). In the 25 obese subjects over 40 years the low frequency peak was also significantly lower than in controls (10.00 +/- 3.10 vs 11.95 +/- 4.25; p < 0.05). This study suggests that 1) age must be taken into account when interpreting the cardiovascular parameters under vagosympathetic control; 2) in non diabetic obese subjects vagal activity is decreased and in those over 40 years sympathetic activity is also decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of a fat-reduced dish in a meal on 24-h energy and macronutrient intake.

A covertly fat-reduced and low-calorie dish was provided at lunchtime once a week to normal-weight human subjects. A normal-calorie version of the dish was served for the first 3 weeks, the low-calorie version for the following 4 weeks and the normal-calorie version again for the last 3 weeks. Participants did not compensate for the 840-kJ (201 kcal) fat reduction of their main dish during the lunchtime meal. This lack of compensation persisted after four successive weekly presentations. When the normal-caloric version was offered again, energy intake at lunch immediately recovered. There was 80% adjustment in 24-h energy intake from the first to the last test day on the low-calorie dish, and a return to the baseline level when the normal energy content of the dish was restored. No compensation specific to fat occurred after the consumption of the low-fat dish and so the proportion of energy intake derived from fat decreased from 39.6% in the period on the normal-caloric dish to 36.1% in the 4 weeks on the low-calorie dish. Thus, fat-reduced dishes seem a good means to improve the composition of the diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Age-associated changes of rat brain neuronal and astroglial poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity.

Nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase levels as well as the DNA strand break levels of whole-brain neuronal and astroglial cells were investigated. Three- and 30-month-old rats were used. Low-molecular-weight neurofilaments and glutamine synthetase served as neuronal and astroglial markers, respectively. A large increase in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was observed in the neurons (threefold) and astrocytes (3.7-fold) derived from 30-month-old rats. Similarly, the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, evaluated per milligram of DNA, increased approximately 3.5-fold in neurons and 3.9-fold in astrocytes prepared from 30-month-old rats. Whether the increase in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was due to an enhanced rate of DNA strand break was investigated by determining the rate of DNA unwinding. A significant increase in DNA unwinding rate was detected in the neurons (2.7-fold), although a lower increase was observed in the astroglia (1.3-fold) of aged animals.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Effects of acute treadmill exercise and delayed access to food on food selection in rats.

Total energy intake and macronutrient self-selection were examined in rats following forced exercise (2 h treadmill, 15 m/min) or after a similar period of food deprivation without exercise. Acute exercise was realized at the end of the daytime. Return to the home cage for food access after exercise or after the same period of fasting was delayed for 0, 30, and 90 min. It has been shown that rats decreased body weight after all exercise situations. Food intake after deprivation was decreased in the first 3 h but was not modified over 24 h. The 24-h energy intake after exercise was identically reduced in the three situations. Carbohydrate and protein intakes were significantly reduced just after exercise. Protein decrease persisted all through the night and, to a lesser extent, during the following nycthemere. Fat decrease appeared later and was significant in the last part of the night. Increasing the delay to food access after exercise did not modify the total energy intake, but it significantly reduced carbohydrate intake. Those results show that exercise has a longer influence on food intake and, specifically, on macronutrient selection, than just food deprivation. Various hypotheses regarding central (cerebral neurotransmitters) and peripheral factors could be evoked in order to explain these modifications in the self-selected diet after an acute exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Comparative study of two methods permitting the detection of macroamylases. Application to the evaluation of macroamylasemia in a hospitalized population].

It is of great importance to be able to distinguish hyperamylasemia linked to a pathological condition of the pancreas from one due to the presence of the macroamylase in the serum of the patient. We have evaluated both gel filtration chromatography and precipitation by PEG-6000 for the detection of serum macroamylase. Our study has enabled us to define a simple detection protocol, suitable for routine laboratory use. In this protocol, macroamylasemia is detected initially by precipitation with PEG-6000; if less than 60% of amylase activity is precipitated, there is no macroamylasemia. If more than 60% of amylase activity can be precipitated by PEG-6000, macroamylasemia is confirmed by gel filtration chromatography. The incidence of macroamylasemia in hospitalized patients was studied; it was 1.3% in cases where amylasemia was normal, and 4.5% in hyperamylasemic patients.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1992

[Azygo-portal disconnection for hemorrhagic cirrhosis. Results and value of abdominal and thoracic approach apropos of 20 cases].

The authors report about the results of 20 azygoportal deconnections for the treatment of hemorrhagic cirrhosis caused by the rupture of esophageal or cardiotuberosal varices. All patients had an ethylic cirrhosis of Child-Pugh classes A (1), B (15) or C (4). All had a contraindication to calibrated laterolateral portocaval shunting. Azygoportal deconnection was performed with a thoracic approach in 7 cases, using a Bérard eso-clip in 6 cases and a Prioton button in 1. In 13 cases the approach was abdominal, using EEA circular mechanical clamps. In this cases, trunk vagotomy was performed in 12 cases, in association with pyloroplasty in 10 cases and gastroenteroanastomosis in 2 cases. Splenectomy was performed in 3 patients and the ligation of the splenic artery in a 4th patient. Mortality at 2 months is of 30%, the 6 deaths being caused by hepatic insufficiency in 3 cases, heart and esophageal fistula after an eso-clip was laid in 1 case. The two patients with chronic ascites died of hepatic insufficiency. Mortality at 2 months is of 23% for patients operated in an elective period, and 43% for semiergent operations. Twenty-six percent of the Child B patients and 50% of the Child C patients died. The percentage of residual varices is 57% in the surviving patients. Every second patient had complementary sclerosis. All had had azygoportal deconnection with mechanical clamps. Bleeding recurred in 2 patients (16.6%). Survival is 50% at 1 year and 39% at 3 years.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1991

Monosodium glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet.

Can monosodium glutamate (MSG) augment palatability in foods of the occidental diet? Its effects on the palatability of two experimental foods were investigated in 36 healthy young men and women. MSG improved palatability ratings, with an optimum at 0.6%. Weekly tests of free intake showed that subjects fed the experimental foods with 0.6% MSG added ate progressively more and faster, indicating increasing palatability with repeated exposure. The effects of MSG on familiar foods were investigated in a group of 65 institutionalized elderly persons. Spontaneous intake was measured at lunch time on 12 test days. Target foods (soup and vegetable) were served either without or with 0.6% MSG added. MSG facilitated intake of some but not all target foods, and was associated with positive (increased calcium and magnesium intake) or adverse (increased fat intake) nutritional effects. It is concluded that MSG can act as a palatability enhancer in the context of the French diet. It can facilitate long-term intake in both young and elderly persons but it should be utilized cautiously so as to improve nutrition.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Calibrated side-to-side portacaval anastomosis in the treatment of bleeding from ruptured esophageal varices. Results in 38 cirrhotic patients].

We report the clinical results of 38 calibrated side-to-side portocaval shunts performed in patients with hemorrhagic liver cirrhosis (alcoholic in 90 percent of cases). The operative mortality (at 2 months) was 10.5 percent. The rate of recurrent bleeding was 2.6 percent; hepatic encephalopathy was encountered in 16 percent (acute encephalopathy: 6.5 percent; chronic encephalopathy: 9.6 percent; this rate decreased to 3.2 percent after anastomotic narrowing). Hepatopedal portal blood flow was maintained in 74.3 percent of cases in the early postoperative period (83.3 percent since the portacaval pressure gradient was maintained at 2/3 of the initial gradient) and disappeared with time in 75 percent of cases. The survival rates at 1 and 4 years were 79.4 percent and 60 percent, respectively, for all patients (94.4 and 83.3 percent for Child A patients) with a normal social activity in 90 percent of cases. Twelve patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma. These clinical results are similar to those observed after selective shunts and suggest that the side-to-side calibrated portacaval shunt is an excellent procedure for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in case of failure or contraindication to endoscopic sclerotherapy or in patients with chronic ascites and good liver function.

Adult↗