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Biomedical subjects

M Clemence

Publications and source records attributed to M Clemence.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

High field MRI correlates of myelin content and axonal density in multiple sclerosis--a post-mortem study of the spinal cord.

Different MRI techniques are used to investigate multiple sclerosis (MS) in vivo. The pathological specificity of these techniques is poorly understood, in particular their relationship to demyelination and axonal loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathological substrate of high field MRI in post-mortem (PM) spinal cord (SC) of patients with MS. MRI was performed in PMSCs of four MS patients and a healthy subject on a 7 Tesla machine. Quantitative MRI maps (PD; T2; T1; magnetization transfer ratio, MTR; diffusion weighted imaging) were obtained. After scanning, the myelin content and the axonal density of the specimens were evaluated neuropathologically using quantitative techniques. Myelin content and axonal density correlated strongly with MTR, T1, PD, and diffusion anisotropy, but only moderately with T2 and weakly with the apparent diffusion coefficient. Quantitative MR measures provide a promising tool to evaluate components of MS pathology that are clinically meaningful. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential of new quantitative MR measures to enable a distinction between axonal loss and demyelination and between demyelinated and remyelinated lesions.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

MRI measurements of cerebral deoxyhaemoglobin concentration [dHb]--correlation with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Changes in physiological parameters such as cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, oxygen extraction, and the size and distribution of cerebral blood vessels, result in changes in the local concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin ([dHb]). The purpose of this study was to quantitatively investigate the dependence of the R2* relaxation rate upon the [dHb] per voxel. Five neonatal piglets were studied in a 7 T/20 cm bore magnet. MRI was conducted using a 2.5 cm diameter surface coil placed over the parietal lobes. Four progressively T2*-weighted images were acquired, allowing the absolute quantitation of R2*. Simultaneous near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements were made from an area encompassing the MR imaging slice, and allowed the absolute quantitation of [dHb]. The arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the piglet was lowered stepwise by decreasing the fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2), which precipitated a change in [dHb]. NIRS and MRI measurements were made at each FiO2 step. The results demonstrate an extremely strong, linear relationship between R2* as determined by MRI and [dHb], as measured by NIRS. Whereas NIRS can only give us a global measure of [dHb], the results suggest the future use of MRI in producing high resolution relaxation rate maps related to the [dHb] distribution of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Temporal and anatomical variations of brain water apparent diffusion coefficient in perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury: relationships to cerebral energy metabolism.

Cerebral apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were determined in nine newborn piglets before and for 48 h after transient hypoxia-ischemia. Phosphorus MRS revealed severely reduced cerebral energy metabolism during the insult and an apparently complete recovery 2 h after resuscitation commenced. At this time, mean ADC over the imaging slice (ADCglobal) was 0.88 (0.04) x 10(-9) m2 x s(-1) (mean (SD)), which was close to the baseline value of 0.92 (0.4) x 10(-9) m2 x s(-1). In seven of the animals, a "secondary" failure of energy metabolism then evolved, accompanied by a decline in ADCglobal to 0.64 (0.17) x 10(-9) m2 x s(-1) at 46 h postresuscitation (P < 0.001 versus baseline). For these seven animals, ADCglobal correlated linearly with the concentration ratio [phosphocreatine (PCr)]/[inorganic phosphate (Pi)] (0.94 < r < 0.99; P < 0.001). A nonlinear relationship was demonstrated between ADCglobal and the concentration ratio [nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)]/[Pi + PCr + 3 NTP]. The ADC reduction commenced in the parasagittal cortex before spreading in a characteristic pattern throughout the brain. ADC seems to be closely related to cerebral energy status and shows considerable potential for the assessment of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the newborn brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

High magnetic susceptibility coatings for visualisation of optical fibres on a specialised interventional MRI system.

The aim of this study was to develop methods of visualising optical fibres on MRI scans for monitoring interstitial laser therapy. Scans were performed on a specialised MRI extremity scanner at 0.17 T. Optical fibres of 0.4 mm diameter used for delivering laser energy were coated with iron particles from a superferromagnetic contrast agent. MR images of the fibres were acquired using gradient echo sequences (TR/TE = 300/10, 1 mm in-plane, 3 mm slice) and assessed for fibre visibility. Coated fibres could be resolved as lines 2 +/- 1 mm wide using the gradient echo sequence. Uncoated fibres were invisible on the sequences used for in vivo therapy monitoring due to partial volume averaging. It is concluded that optical fibre visualisation by MRI may be improved by coating with ferromagnetic particles. Biocompatibility requires further assessment, but direct coating appears to be a promising method for fibre visualisation in MR-guided laser therapy.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1997

Anisotropic water diffusion in white and gray matter of the neonatal piglet brain before and after transient hypoxia-ischaemia.

Measurements of tissue water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) performed with diffusion sensitization applied separately along the x, y, and z axes revealed significant diffusion anisotropy in both cerebral white and gray matter in six newborn (< 24 h old) piglets. Mean baseline white matter ADC for a particular region of interest was 125.8% (SD 32.0%; p < .001) greater when the diffusion gradients were applied along the y axis as compared to along the x. For the cortical gray matter region considered, the situation was reversed, the mean ADC value measured along x exceeding that along y by 15.2% (SD 6.1%; p < .01). Forty-three hours subsequent to a transient cerebral hypoxic-ischaemic insult, phosphorous MRS measurements indicated that the animals had suffered severe secondary cerebral energy failure. This was accompanied by a significant (p < .01) decrease in the white matter anisotropy, such that the mean y direction ADC now exceeded that along the x by only 70.9% (SD 29.4%; p < .03). There was no change in the gray matter anisotropy. The average of the ADC values measured in the x, y, and z directions had decreased by 35.3% (SD 18.5%; p < .01) in white matter and 31.4% (SD 21.9%; p < .05) in cortical gray matter. Diffusion anisotropy measurements may provide additional information useful in the characterisation of hypoxic-ischaemic injury in the neonatal brain, and must be considered if tissue water ADC values are to be unambiguously interpreted in this context.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure concentration changes of cerebral hemoglobin and cytochrome in neonates, children, and adults, to study cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics. To derive quantitative concentration changes from measurements of light attenuation, the optical path length must be known. This is obtained by multiplying the source/ detector separation by a laboratory measured differential path length factor (DPF) which accounts for the increased distance traveled by light due to scattering. DPF has been measured by time of flight techniques on small populations of adults and postmortem infants. The values for adults are greater than those for newborns, and it is not clear how to interpolate the present data for studies on children. Recent developments in instrumentation using phase resolved spectroscopy techniques have produced a bedside unit which can measure optical path length on any subject. We have developed an intensity modulated optical spectrometer which measures path length at four wavelengths. Two hundred and eighty three subjects from 1 d of age to 50 y were studied. Measurements were made at a fixed frequency of 200 MHz and a source detector separation of 4.5 cm. Results suggest a slowly varying age dependence of DPF, following the relation DPF690 = 5.38 + 0.049A0.877, DPF744 = 5.11 + 0.106A0.723, DPF807 = 4.99 + 0.067A0.814, and DPF832 = 4.67 + 0.062A0.819, where DPF690 is the DPF measured at 690 nm and A is age is expressed in years from full term. There was a wide scatter of values, however, implying that ideally DPF should be measured at the time of each study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Optical pathlength measurements on adult head, calf and forearm and the head of the newborn infant using phase resolved optical spectroscopy.

We have used an intensity modulated optical spectrometer, which measures the phase shift across tissue experienced by intensity modulated near-infrared light, to determine the absolute optical pathlength through tissue. The instrument is portable and takes only 5 s to record pathlength at four wavelengths (690 nm, 744 nm, 807 nm and 832 nm). The absolute pathlength divided by the known spacing between the light source and detector on the skin is the differential pathlength factor (DPF) which previous studies have shown is approximately constant for spacings greater than 2.5 cm. DPF results are presented for measurements on 100 adults and 35 newborn infants to determine the statistical variation on the DPF. All measurements were made at a frequency of 200 MHz with source-detector spacings of > 4 cm. Results at 807 nm show a DPF of 4.16(+/- 18.8%) for adult arm, 5.51(+/- 18%) for adult leg, 6.26(+/- 14.1%) for adult head and 4.99(+/- 9%) for the head of a newborn infant. A wavelength dependence was obtained for DPF on all tissues and a difference in DPF between male and female was observed for both the adult arm and leg. The results can be used to improve the quantitation of chromophore concentration changes in adults and newborn infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

RF cavity resonator and split-resonator designs.

A simple high-pass cavity resonator has been constructed for NMR imaging use at 500 MHz. A capacitative circuit arrangement is used to drive the device. A novel split-coil or half-resonator design is also introduced for lower-frequency operation with applications in whole-body medical imaging.

Equipment Design↗