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M Coudert

Publications and source records attributed to M Coudert.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Value of cervical plain radiography in unconscious trauma patient].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of cervical spine standard radiographs, performed in emergency, and compared with entire cervical helical CT with multiplanar reconstructions as reference. STUDY DESIGN: Open prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a six months prospective study including all patients over 15 years of age and unconscious (Glasgow Coma Scale < or = 12). Each patient underwent standard radiographs as well as helical CT of the entire cervical spine. Three senior surgeons and one senior radiologist evaluated the standard radiographs quality. The interpretation was performed by 7 different groups of judges. Two radiologists interpreted the helical CT. For each group, the sensibility, the specificity and the count of correct diagnosis for the standard radiographs were evaluated. The results of the correct diagnosis of each group were then compared to determine the most performant group. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were included. Helical CT diagnosed spine injuries in 11 patients. The quality of standard radiographs was poor with less than 10% judged correct and 90% of the C7-D1 junction not visible. In the best group (radiologist), the sensibility was 50%, the specificity was 85% and the count of correct diagnosis was 78%. For the correct diagnosis, senior radiologist was significantly better than anaesthetist students, radiologist students and emergency physicians. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic value of standard radiographs was weak whatever the physician. Therefore, helical CT of the entire cervical spine is absolutely necessary and must be performed during the initial evaluation, if the haemodynamic conditions are required.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The French antibiotic resistance monitoring programs.

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animal origin in France is organised by the French Agency for Food Safety (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, AFSSA) through two types of networks. The first collects non-human zoonotic Salmonella strains in one centre (AFSSA, Paris) where they are tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. The others, managed by AFSSA Lyon, deal with bovine pathogenic strains and are multicentric, that is they collecting antibiotic sensitivity and other data from the local public veterinary diagnostic laboratories. This requires standardisation of the methods used in each partner laboratory. Statistical analysis of any change in French resistance patterns can be monitored by these three networks either as a function of strain pathogenicity and/or of the ecological origin of the isolate. The system also encourages efficient collaboration between veterinarians and the laboratory. Such collaboration improves both the quality of routine antibiotic testing and understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Plants as biomarkers for monitoring heavy metal contaminants on landfill sites using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES).

There have been a number of studies investigating metal uptake in plants on contaminated landfill sites, but little on their role as biomarkers to identify metal mobility for continuous monitoring purposes. Vegetation can be used as a biomonitor of site pollution, by identifying the mobilisation of heavy metals and by providing an understanding of their bioavailability. Plants selected were the common nettle (Uritica Dioica), bramble (Rubus Fruticosa) and sycamore (Acer Pseudoplatanus). A study of the soil fractionation was made to investigate the soil properties that are likely to influence metal mobility and a correlation exercise was undertaken to investigate if variations in concentration of metals in vegetation can reflect variations in concentration of the metals in soil. The soil was digested using aqua regia in a microwave closed vessel. The vegetation was digested using both microwave and a hydrogen peroxide-nitric acid mixture, refluxed on a heating block and a comparison made. The certified reference materials (CRMs) used were Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1547, peach leaves for vegetation (NIST) and for soil CRM 143R, sewage sludge-amended soil (BCR). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2-6% for the analyses. Our findings show evidence of phytoextraction by some plants, (especially bramble and nettle), with certain plants, (sycamore) exhibiting signs of phytostabilisation. The evidence suggests that there is a degree of selectivity in metal uptake and partitioning within the plant compartments. It was also possible to correlate mobility phases of certain metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) using the soil and plant record. Zn and Cu exhibited the greatest potential to migrate from the roots to the leaves, with Pb found principally in the roots of ground vegetation. Our results suggest that analysis of bramble leaves, nettle leaves and roots can be used to monitor the mobility of Pb in the soil with nettle, bramble and sycamore leaves to monitor Cu and Zn.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1995

Survey of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from diseased cattle in France.

Since 1982, a national veterinary network has been involved in the monitoring of resistance to antimicrobial agents in the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased cattle in France. It is based on 40 regional veterinary diagnostic laboratories and managed by a central reference laboratory (CNEVA Lyon). Highly standardized methods are used in the diagnostic laboratories. This network collects up-to-date information on antimicrobial resistance in veterinary isolates and gathers strains for specific studies on fastidious bacteria and for the analysis of mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics. Such a permanent survey is essential to establish a rational veterinary antibiotic policy. It could be connected to other compatible systems developed in other fields such as human medicine, food, and environment, to evaluate the importance of resistance and R-factors spread for public health. The limits and perspectives of this surveillance system are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy].

A new Transmissible Sub-acute Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSSE) appeared in 1986 in the bovine species, mainly concerning Great Britain where more than 100,000 cases have now been identified. This review describes the features of the disease that showed it belonged to this particular group of diseases. The currently available hypothesis about the origin of the disease, in Great Britain as well as in other countries where it has also been recognized, are presented. Lastly, the potential risks for the future, in the bovine species but also for other animal species or man, are discussed, in light of the known experimental data.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Selection of European Union standard reference sera for use in the serological diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.

A study, consisting of three trials, was undertaken in order to find standard reference sera for use in serological diagnostic procedures for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in the European Union (EU). A total of forty-nine laboratories participated in the trials, in which panels of positive, weak positive, and negative candidate sera were tested blind by neutralisation, indirect and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence and passive haemagglutination. A serum which scored positive in all tests in all laboratories was selected as a strong positive standard serum. The chosen negative standard serum gave negative results in virtually all tests. A 1/36 dilution of a positive serum was chosen as the weak positive standard serum and only very sensitive techniques were able to score it positive. Three EU reference sera are now available for the standardisation of serological tests for IBR.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Bacterial resistance monitoring in animals: the French national experiences of surveillance schemes.

In France, bacterial resistance monitoring in animals is based on a national network of local veterinary laboratories organised by CNEVA following two methodologies. As part of the epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella, LCHA in Paris has been receiving since 1969 most of the strains isolated from animals (sick and healthy carriers) but also from food, feed and environment. For many years sensitivity tests have been carried out on strains collected: animal ones, mainly from cattle and poultry, show multiple antibiotic resistance more frequently than those of food or environment. Taking into account of the importance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from sick calves, LPB in Lyon has set up since 1982 a national system for collecting and analysing antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of main bovine pathogens determined routinely by local veterinary laboratories. In order to ensure comparability and coherency of data from different laboratories it was necessary to introduce standard techniques and reference reagents. The major bacterial species being tested concern enteric, respiratory and mammary flora. This network is useful to detect new resistances. The resistant strains collected are useful to carry out studies on the mechanism of resistance and the efficacy of new molecules. Results constitute the basis of a real predictive epidemiology necessary to lay down a policy for rational use of antimicrobials in animal breeding and veterinary medicine.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Europe. Present and future].

Occurrence since 1986 and extension as an extended common source epidemic in United Kingdom of a new neurological bovine condition: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) initiated numerous epidemiological research actions in this country in order to discover the origin of this new disease, predict its evolution and implement control measures. In the same time epidemiological surveillance systems have been set up in several European countries leading to the identification of sporadic BSE cases in Ireland, Switzerland and France. In spite of the numerous informations published, a number of topics are not precisely known: identity and origin of BSE agent, influence of contaminated bovine genetics over disease development in contaminated bovine, infection incidence in herds where disease has been identified. As BSE is a member of the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, concerns about foodborne transmission from cattle to human and inoculation of medicinal products containing bovine material and used for therapy or prevention in human beings or animals, has been expressed. The demonstration of iatrogenic transmission between human beings of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease has considerably influenced the implementation of measures to prevent the hypothetical risk for man to be infected by medicinal products or medical devises containing material of bovine origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Factorial experimental design applied to the immunological study of two foot-and-mouth disease virus subtypes. 2. Theoretical study of experimental models.

A certain number of theoretical models of immunological relations that 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses can support, were constructed so as to discuss in each case, the results of the factorial analysis of the data. This method provided a specific answer to each of the questions that were asked in the presence of a test of this kind. The results obtained with several immunological cross-tests comparable to that of the A Greece 69-A Allier viruses, illustrated most of the theoretical models.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Methods of testing of safety of the anti-foot-and-mouth disease vaccine].

Innocuity testing in bovines remains the reference method but other methods using mice and especially cell cultures may be employed. Different techniques (dialysis, neutralization, elution, etc.) allow the elimination of toxic constituents of the vaccine while respecting the eventual presence of small quantities of active virus. The sensitivity of the cell cultures is certainly equal if not superior to that of the tongue of bovines. Interference phenomena do not intervene and, furthermore, there is not reason to fear them solely on cell cultures. From the purely statistical standpoint, it is hardly possible to prove the innocuity of a vaccine but the credit which sould be accorded to the innocuity test can be reinforced by a good control of the inactivation process and, a posteriori, by the repetition of negative results.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗