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Biomedical subjects

M Craig

Publications and source records attributed to M Craig.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Time-space clustering of Vibrio cholerae 01 in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1970-1982.

Growing evidence for the existence of an aquatic reservoir of Vibrio cholerae has led some observers to postulate the existence of two distinct modes of disease transmission: primary and secondary. In primary transmission vibrios pass from the aquatic reservoir to humans via edible aquatic flora or fauna, or drinking water. Secondary transmission consists of faecal-oral transmission from person-to-person and may spawn epidemics. Cholera outbreaks are particularly well documented for the Matlab area of Bangladesh, where a field station has been run since 1963, at which patients from a study population of nearly 200,000 are treated for diarrhoeal diseases and monitored in a longitudinal demographic surveillance system. This paper seeks to illuminate the process of secondary transmission by presenting preliminary results of an analysis of the time-space distribution of cholera cases in Matlab for the period 1970-1982. It is argued that the detection of time-space clusters of cases resulting from secondary transmission requires locational data below the level of the village, that is at the level of the bari, or patrilineally-related household group because this is where inter-personal contact is greatest. The mapping of the study area at the bari level is described briefly and it is argued that the proportion of all asymptomatic infections and cases which can be mapped is great enough to enable inferences about transmission processes to be drawn. Results of the analysis of time-space interaction using the Knox method are presented and provide some support for within-bari clustering of cases resulting from secondary transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1987

Immune responses in small intestinal transplantation in the rat: correlation of histopathology and monocyte procoagulant activity.

No predictive serologic marker exists for rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD) reactions in small intestinal transplantation (SIT). SIT was performed in Lewis (Lew) and Lew X Brown Norway Fl hybrid (LBN) rats in the following combinations: group 1, Lew X Lew; group 2 (isolated rejection), LBN X Lew, and group 3 (isolated GVHD), Lew X LBN. Procoagulant activity (PCA), an index of monocyte immune activation, was measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of graft recipients to assess its value as an immunologic monitor. Histologic findings and PCA were evaluated on days 1, 2, and 3 and every 2 to 3 days after SIT. No pathologic findings of graft or host tissue developed in group 1 (n = 14). Histologic rejection (blunted villi and mononuclear cell infiltration) was seen beginning on day 5 in group 2 (n = 19); early GVHD (loss of nodal and splenic architecture) was first noted on days 5 and 6 in group 3 (n = 17). PCA elevation in SIT was seen to precede histologic evidence of rejection or graft versus host disease in this model and may constitute an important marker for these immunologic events.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Open intramedullary nailing of the femoral shaft fracture.

There is a growing trend to closed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures that we partially subscribe to. This report, however, concerns open reduction and intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures from 1972-1982. Two groups of fractures are discussed independently--22 pathologic fractures and 88 traumatic fractures. Mortality figures as well as functional and anatomic results are presented. Complications include one superficial infection, two nonunions, and two delayed unions. This study provides us with a baseline measure for comparison with other methods now under consideration and on trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Family-centered care for the neurotrauma patient.

Nursing management of the family of the neurotrauma patient is a challenging experience. Whether the family is first encountered during their initial days of crisis or following discharge to the home, they require individualized, thoughtful nursing care. Indeed, according to Bond, the pattern of stresses the family encounters changes with time, with one of the most significant points being in the first days after discharge from the hospital when they realize and accept the full extent of the victim's deficits. It is to this end that nursing intervention throughout hospitalization is geared, and it is during this time that we cannot forget that nursing management may still be required. In the case of neurotrauma, the patient and family are not "cured" when they leave the hospital, for many their problems are just beginning. Let us develop mechanisms through which continued professional support can be made available to the families of neurologically impaired patients both during and following hospitalization.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the renin-renin substrate reaction in man; kinetic evidence for inhibition by serum.

Increasing evidence suggests that the renin-renin substrate reaction is regulated by factors other than the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. Partially purified human renin and renin substrate extracted from the plasma of each of eight human subjects were used to construct substrate-velocity curves comparing the rate of substrate cleavage in the whole serum of each individual with the rate in a corresponding system containing purified autologous substrate, or purified substrate plus a small amount of autologous serum. Linear regression analysis of the double reciprocal plots were used to compare the kinetic constants in paired experiments. Maximal reaction velocity (Vmax) was significantly lower (p greater than .05) when the reaction rate was measured in whole serum, in seven of the eight patients, while Km did not differ significantly, suggesting the presence of noncompetitive inhibition by human serum. The mean Michaelis constant in serum was 449 ng/ml while the average native substrate concentration of the five normal subjects was 629 ng/ml, an excess of less than twofold. The data suggest that plasma renin activity in man depends upon the concentrations of inhibitor and substrate, as well as upon the concentration of renin.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Volunteer services.

Hospice volunteers can be the link between professional staff and members of a family suffering the impending loss of a loved one. By helping with practical needs and providing emotional support, volunteers may serve a crucial role in the healing of the grieving family.

Hospice Care↗