Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M D Grove.
The myotoxins xanthomegnin and viridicatumtoxin were not teratogenic when administered orally to pregnant ICR mice during the 8-12th and 8-13th days of gestation, respectively. Viridicatumtoxin produced high mortality in mice given 200, 250 or 350 mg/kg of body weight.
Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13,163 produced two new fusaric acid analogs, a 10,11-dihydroxyfusaric acid and a diacid of fusaric acid in which the C-11 methyl was oxidized to a carboxyl. Several hundred milligrams of the 10,11-dihydroxyfusaric acid were routinely recovered from a kilogram of corn grit medium. It crystallized as white, irregularly shaped rectangles that melted at 153 to 154 degrees C. The diacid analog of fusaric acid crystallized as white rods that melted at 210 to 211 degrees C. Unlike the consistent recovery experienced with the 10,11-dihydroxyfusaric acid, the diacid analog proved difficult to purify after the initial discovery and was detectable in subsequent fermentations only by mass spectrometry.
LD50 studies of viridicatumtoxin were done in rats and mice using oral, intraperitoneal (i.p.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Mice were given oral doses of viridicatumtoxin up to 350 mg/kg body weight and rats were given doses of viridicatumtoxin up to 150 mg/kg. No deaths occurred in the animals dosed by the oral route. Hepatic alterations of hydropic change and necrosis of centrolobular hepatocytes were observed in mice given 250, 300, or 350 mg/kg viridicatum toxin and were more severe in the mice given the higher doses. No histopathologic alterations were present in the rats dosed orally. Mice were given doses of viridicatumtoxin up to 300 mg/kg, s.c., and rats up to 400 mg/kg. No deaths occurred in the animals dosed by this route. Microscopic alterations in both mice and rats were limited to the injection sites and consisted of coagulation necrosis. The single-dose, 72-h i.p. LD50 for the mouse and the rat was 70 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg respectively. Histopathologic alterations in mice given viridicatumtoxin i.p. included fibrinous peritonitis, large subcapsular areas of hepatic necrosis, single-cell hepatocytic necrosis, splenic lymphoid depletion, and vacuolar degeneration of the myocardium. Rats had splenic lymphoid depletion and fibrinous peritonitis.
Corn cultured with Aspergillus flavus to produce a high level of aflatoxin was ammoniated at 37 degrees C for 21 days. An extract of the ammoniated corn was separated by thin-layer chromatography, followed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Examination of the fractions by tandem mass spectrometry led to detection of aflatoxin D1 as a product of the corn ammoniation process.
A method was developed for the production and purification of xanthomegnin from Penicillium viridicatum (NRRL 6430) cultured on rice at 15 degrees C for 29 days. Liquid-liquid extraction followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography afforded 440 mg of crystalline xanthomegnin per kg of rice.
Mice survived 21 days without apparent illness while consuming a daily amount of either moniliformin or butenolide near or exceeding their oral 50% lethal dose.
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Two varieties of opium poppy were grown under irrigation for one season and their capsules analysed for morphine content by gas chromatography. Harvest of the capsules at 29-33 days after flowering (mature seed) gave 6.70 kg/ha morphine as compared to 5.36 kg/ha morphine in capsules harvested at 4-6 days after flowering. With constant row spacing (30 cm between double rows on ridges 102 cm apart), a plant spacing of 6 cm gave 20 per cent more morphine than either 12- or 18-cm spacing. There was no statistical difference in morphine content between a blue- and a white-seeded variety.