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Biomedical subjects

M D Van Loan

Publications and source records attributed to M D Van Loan.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Circulating concentrations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin are increased following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In addition to weight loss, bariatric surgery for severe obesity dramatically alleviates insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether circulating concentrations of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form of adiponectin are increased following gastric bypass surgery. The HMW form is implicated as the multimer responsible for adiponectin's hepatic insulin-sensitising actions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 19 women who were undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Studies were conducted prior to, and 1 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: One month after surgery, total plasma adiponectin concentrations were unchanged. Nevertheless, increases in both HMW (by 40+/-15%, p=0.006) and the proportion of adiponectin in the HMW form (from 40+/-2 to 50+/-2%, p<0.0001) were observed. At 12 months, total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were increased by 58+/-8% and 118+/-21%, respectively (both p<0.001). The majority (80%) of the increase of total adiponectin was due to an increase of the HMW form. After adjustment for covariates, increases of HMW and total adiponectin at 12 months were correlated with the decrease of fat mass (HMW, p=0.0076; total, p=0.0302). In subjects with improved insulin sensitivity at 12 months after surgery (n=18), the increase of HMW, but not that of total adiponectin, predicted the relative decrease of insulin resistance (HMW: p=0.0044; total: p=0.0775, after adjustment for covariates). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These data suggest that the reduction of fat mass following gastric bypass surgery is an important determinant of the increase of HMW adiponectin concentrations, which in turn is associated with and may contribute to the resulting improvement of insulin sensitivity.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2004

Low bone mass in premenopausal chronic dieting obese women.

BACKGROUND: Obese premenopausal women are thought to be at low risk for osteoporosis due to increased body weight and effects of estrogen on weight-bearing bone. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of restrained eating on obese women, we examined bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) of the spine and femur in obese women who were restrained eaters, with emphasis on the relationship between BMC and determinants of bone mass, and current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, and indices of calcium regulation, bone metabolism, stress and inflammation. DESIGN: A total of 78 obese, Caucasian, female, restrained eaters, ages 30-45 y, were enrolled in a weight lose program. Height, weight, bone turnover markers, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), dietary intake, eating behaviors, physical activity, and BMD and BMC were measured. SETTING: This study was conducted at the University of California, in Davis, CA, USA. RESULTS: In all, 31% of women had osteopenia or osteoporosis (OSTEO). In the OSTEO group, 87.5% of women had osteoporosis or osteopenia of the lumbar spine and 12.5% of the women had osteoporosis or osteopenia in femur. A significant positive correlation between BMC and energy expenditure (r=0.256), and a significant negative correlation between BMC and number of times on a weight loss diet (r=-0.250) and cognitive restraint (r=-0.239) were observed. No significant differences were observed between OSTEO women and nonosteoporotic women for current eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity habits, bone turnover, calcium regulation, stress, or inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Obese restrained eaters are at risk for low bone mass. Prior dieting may be responsible. Chronic dieters should be encouraged to decrease their dietary restraint, develop healthy eating habits and increase physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Validation of fan beam dual energy x ray absorptiometry for body composition assessment in adults aged 18-45 years.

BACKGROUND: Pencil beam dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been shown to provide valid estimates of body fat (%BF), but DXA fan beam technology has not been adequately tested to determine its validity. OBJECTIVE: To compare %BF estimated from fan beam DXA with %BF determined using two and three compartment (2C, 3C) models. METHODS: Men (n = 25) and women (n = 31), aged 18-41 years, participated in the study. Body density, from hydrostatic weighing, was used in the 2C estimate of %BF; DXA was used to determine bone mineral content (BMC) for the 3C estimate of %BF calculated using body density and BMC (3C(BMC)). DXA was also used to determine %BF. Analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences in %BF between sexes and among methods. RESULTS: Women were significantly shorter, weighed less, had less fat free mass, and a higher %BF than men. No significant differences were found among methods (2C, 3C(BMC), DXA) for determination of %BF in either sex. Although not significant, Bland-Altman plots showed that DXA gave higher values for %BF than the 2C and 3C(BMC) methods. CONCLUSION: DXA determination of %BF was not different from that of the 2C and 3C(BMC) models in this group of young adults. However, to validate fan beam DXA fully as a method for body composition assessment in a wide range of individuals and populations, comparisons are needed that use a 4C model with a measure of total body water and BMC.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Body composition in disease: what can we measure and how can we measure it?

This manuscript presents a brief overview of the topic of body composition in disease. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1). to present examples of diseases in which body composition assessment might provide valuable information to physicians and other clinical personnel in patient care; (2). provide basic information on the types of methodologies available for various aspects of body composition assessment; and (3). give a brief review of some of the research literature available on the topic of body composition use in disease. Materials in this paper should not be interpreted as providing all the relevant information in this area of research, but the paper does represent a limited overview of the topic.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Evaluating a 'non-diet' wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviors.

CONTEXT: Current public health policy recommends weight loss for obese individuals, and encourages energy-restricted diets. Others advocate an alternative, 'non-diet' approach which emphasizes eating in response to physiological cues (eg hunger and satiety) and enhancing body acceptance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a 'health-centered' non-diet wellness program, and to compare this program to a traditional 'weight loss-centered' diet program. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Free-living, general community. PARTICIPANTS: Obese, Caucasian, female, chronic dieters, ages 30-45 y (n=78). INTERVENTIONS: Six months of weekly group intervention in a non-diet wellness program or a traditional diet program, followed by 6 months of monthly after-care group support. OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometry (weight, body mass index); metabolic fitness (blood pressure, blood lipids); energy expenditure; eating behavior (restraint, eating disorder pathology); psychology (self-esteem, depression, body image); attrition and attendance; and participant evaluations of treatment helpfulness. Measures obtained at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 1 y. RESULTS: (1 y after program initiation): Cognitive restraint increased in the diet group and decreased in the non-diet group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in many metabolic fitness, psychological and eating behavior variables. There was high attrition in the diet group (41%), compared to 8% in the non-diet group. Weight significantly decreased in the diet group (5.9+/-6.3 kg) while there was no significant change in the non-diet group (-0.1+/-4.8 kg). CONCLUSIONS: Over a 1 y period, a diet approach results in weight loss for those who complete the intervention, while a non-diet approach does not. However, a non-diet approach can produce similar improvements in metabolic fitness, psychology and eating behavior, while at the same time effectively minimizing the attrition common in diet programs.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure.

Recent animal studies have demonstrated that dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat and that this decrease may be due to a change in energy expenditure. The present study examined the effect of CLA supplementation on body composition and energy expenditure in healthy, adult women. Seventeen women were fed either a CLA capsule (3 g/d) or a sunflower oil placebo for 64 d following a baseline period of 30 d. The subjects were confined to a metabolic suite for the entire 94 d study where diet and activity were controlled and held constant. Change in fat-free mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat were unaffected by CLA supplementation (0.18+/-0.43 vs. 0.09+/-0.35 kg; 0.01+/-0.64 vs. -0.19+/-0.53 kg; 0.05+/-0.62 vs. -0.67+/-0.51%, placebo vs. CLA, respectively). Likewise, body weight was not significantly different in the placebo vs. the CLA group (0.48+/-0.55 vs. -0.24+/-0.46 kg change). Energy expenditure (kcal/min), fat oxidation, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured once during the baseline period and during weeks 4 and 8 of the intervention period. At all three times, measurements were taken while resting and walking. CLA had no significant effect on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, or respiratory exchange ratio at rest or during exercise. When dietary intake was controlled, 64 d of CLA supplementation at 3 g/d had no significant effect on body composition or energy expenditure in adult women, which contrasts with previous findings in animals.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of cognitive eating restraint on total-body measurements of bone mineral density and bone mineral content in premenopausal women aged 18-45 y: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: We examined the relation between cognitive eating restraint (CER) and total-body measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether women with CER had lower total-body BMD and BMC than did other women. DESIGN: Premenopausal women, 90-150% of ideal weight, had measurements of their BMD and BMC made and completed questionnaires on physical activity, weight history, body size satisfaction, dieting history, eating behavior, and childbearing history. Bone measurements were examined for differences between groups with low and high CER scores by using analysis of covariance and quartiles of body weight to adjust for body size differences. CER was assessed by using the Three-Factor Eating Inventory and was defined as a score > or =9; normal eating restraint (NER) was defined by a score <9. Total-body BMC, BMD, and fat and lean masses were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of the women were classified as having CER. Women with CER were significantly more dissatisfied with their bodies. Analysis of covariance, with weight as the covariate, indicated a significant difference in BMC between women in preplanned pairs from the 5 lowest and 5 highest CER levels. No significant differences in BMD were observed between groups. Significantly lower BMC was found in women with high CER scores and body weights <71 kg than in those with high CER scores and weights > or =71 kg. CONCLUSIONS: BMC was significantly differently between women with low and high CER scores. BMC was significantly lower in women with body weights <71 kg and classified with CER. Lower BMC in women with high CER scores may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Monitoring changes in fat-free mass in HIV-positive men with hypotestosteronemia and AIDS wasting syndrome treated with gonadal hormone replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare methods for assessing changes in body composition during gonadal hormone replacement therapy in a group of HIV-positive men with AIDS wasting syndrome. DESIGN: The study included a 21-day, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled inpatient intervention and a 12-week open-label intervention. The inpatient intervention included 18 men who were confined to a metabolic ward. Days 1-7 comprised weight stabilization and body composition measures followed by 14 days of nandrolone decanoate at either 65 or 195 mg weekly, or placebo, and repeat testing. The open-label intervention comprised 12 weeks of 200 mg nandrolone decanoate fortnightly with measurements of fat-free mass at 6 and 12 weeks. METHODS: The inpatient intervention measured nitrogen balance from 24 h urine and fecal collections and fat-free mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and D2O dilution. Nitrogen balance was calculated as the difference between dietary intake and urinary and fecal nitrogen excretion. Nitrogen was converted to fat-free mass using the constant of 32.5 g. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine which methods were significantly different from the reference nitrogen balance technique. RESULTS: Nitrogen accretion of lean tissue was 0.55 and 0.85 kg weekly for low and high-dose groups, respectively. Estimated nitrogen retention during the open-label study was 0.42 kg weekly. Body weight increased with the estimated lean tissue accretion. DEXA, BIS and D2O methods demonstrated improvements in fat-free mass, although the BIS estimate of fat-free mass most closely matched the results of the nitrogen retention method. CONCLUSION: DEXA, BIS and D2O techniques demonstrated increases in fat-free mass. The BIS method is less costly, more convenient to use, and had results that more closely matched those from nitrogen balance and retention methods. BIS may be the preferred method to monitor changes in fat-free mass in AIDS patients and patients with malnutrition.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1999

The effects of zinc depletion on peak force and total work of knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles.

In this study we tested the effect of zinc (Zn) on muscle function in human. After receiving 12 mg Zn/day for 17 days, 8 male subjects received 0.3 mg Zn/day for either 33 or 41 days. Subjects were divided into two groups for repletion. Group A subjects received overnight infusions of 66 mg Zn on Days 1 and 10 and then were fed 12 mg Zn/day for another 16 days. Group B subjects were fed 12 mg Zn/day for 3 weeks. Peak force and total work capacity of the knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscle groups were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at baseline, at two points during depletion, and at repletion. Plasma Zn declined significantly during depletion and remained below baseline levels after repletion. The peak force of the muscle groups tested was not affected by acute Zn depletion, however, total work capacity for the knee extensor muscles and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles declined significantly. The data suggest that acute Zn depletion alters the total work capacity of skeletal muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses.

To clarify the role of the intestine, kidney, and bone in maintaining calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation and after the resumption of menses, a longitudinal comparison was undertaken of 14 well-nourished women consuming approximately 1200 mg Ca/d. Measurements were made before conception (prepregnancy), once during each trimester of pregnancy (T1, T2, and T3), early in lactation at 2 mo postpartum (EL), and 5 mo after resumption of menses. Intestinal calcium absorption was determined from the enrichment of the first 24-h urine sample collected after administration of stable calcium isotopes. Bone mineral of the total body and lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computerized tomography, respectively. Twenty-four-hour urine and fasting serum samples were analyzed for calcium, calcitropic hormones, and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Despite an increase in calcium intake during pregnancy, true percentage absorption of calcium increased from 32.9+/-9.1% at prepregnancy to 49.9+/-10.2% at T2 and 53.8+/-11.3% at T3 (P < 0.001). Urinary calcium increased from 4.32+/-2.20 mmol/d at prepregnancy to 6.21+/-3.72 mmol/d at T3 (P < 0.001), but only minor changes in maternal bone mineral were detected. At EL, dietary calcium and calcium absorption were not significantly different from that at prepregnancy, but urinary calcium decreased to 1.87+/-1.22 mmol/d (P < 0.001) and trabecular bone mineral density of the spine decreased to 147.7+/-21.2 mg/cm3 from 162.9+/-25.0 mg/cm3 at prepregnancy (P < 0.001). Calcium absorption postmenses increased nonsignificantly to 36.0+/-8.1% whereas urinary calcium decreased to 2.72+/-1.52 mmol/d (P < 0.001). We concluded that fetal calcium demand was met by increased maternal intestinal absorption; early breast-milk calcium was provided by maternal renal calcium conservation and loss of spinal trabecular bone, a loss that was recovered postmenses.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Effect of weight loss on bone mineral content and bone mineral density in obese women.

Studies of body-composition changes during weight loss have had conflicting results with regard to changes in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). We examined BMC and BMD for changes during weight loss. Fourteen women enrolled in a 15-wk weight loss program. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of the total body were made at baseline (T1), the midpoint of weight loss (T2), and at the end of weight loss (T3). Body weight changed significantly throughout the 15 wk, declining from a high of 89.7+/-3.6 to 74.1+/-3.2 kg. Fat-free mass declined initially (47.8+/-1.7 kg at T1, 45.7+/-1.4 kg at T2, and 46.0+/-1.5 kg at T3) and then stabilized. Fat mass changed significantly during the study (39.2 kg at T1, 32.4 kg at T2, and 29.3 kg at T3). No significant differences were observed in BMC or bone areal measurement during the study. However, BMD declined significantly from baseline (1.217 g/cm2 at T1, 1.197 g/cm2 at T2, and 1.200 g/cm2 at T3). The changes in BMC and BA were in opposite directions, resulting in a significant decline in BMD without a loss of BMC. These data suggest that changes in BMD observed with weight loss may be the result of a lack of instrument sensitivity when body weight and composition change and are simply an artifact and not a physiologic change in BMD. Further research is needed to determine the full effect of weight loss on BMC, bone area, and BMD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Effects of physical activity, body weight and composition, and muscular strength on bone density in young women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body weight and composition, muscular strength, physical activity, and bone mineral density (BMD) in eumenorrheic college-aged women. METHODS: BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body, and BMD of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck (via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), as well as body composition and muscular strength, were measured in 60 college-aged women. The women were divided into three groups: 1) low body weight athletes involved in weight-bearing, collegiate sports (N = 20), 2) matched low body weight and sedentary (N = 20), and 3) average body weight and sedentary (N = 20). All groups were matched for height, age, and age at menarche. RESULTS: The athletes had significantly greater (P < 0.05) (mean +/- SD) total body BMD (1.164 +/- 0.06 g x cm[-2]), L2-L4 BMD (1.240 +/- 0.13 g x cm[-2]), femoral neck BMD (1.144 +/- 0.13 g x cm[-2]) and total body BMC (2.44 +/- 0.30 kg) than the low body weight, sedentary (LWS) group, but were only greater than the average body weight sedentary group (AWS) for femoral neck BMD. Significant correlations were found between lean body mass (LBM) and all BMD variables (P < 0.001). A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between fat mass and all BMD variables in the sedentary subjects alone (N = 40), but with inclusion of the athletes (N = 60), none of the correlations between fat mass and BMD were significant. Arm and leg strength isometric torque values corrected for muscle + bone cross-sectional area (M + B CSA) were not significantly different between the athletes and LWS group, but the athletes were greater (P < 0.05) than the AWS group for both arm and leg strength/M + B CSA. No significant, site-specific correlations were found between strength/M + B and BMD. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the athletes had significantly greater BMD, BMC, and LBM than the LWS group and, except for a greater femoral neck BMD, similar BMD, BMC, and LBM as the AWS group. These results suggest that LBM and weight-bearing exercise both enhance BMD in eumenorrheic young adult women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences in the estimate of body fat percentage (%FM) and the amount (kg) of fat free mass (FFM) by different methods in 26 moderately active adolescents very similar in age, body fatness, and training status. METHODS: Mean (SD) age was 16.7 (0.9) years, height was 177.0 (5.1) cm, and weight 68.0 (5.2) kg. %FM was assessed using dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) and two skinfold prediction equations: that of Slaughter et al (%FM Sla) and that of Deurenberg et al (%FM Deu). In the same way, FFM was measured using DXA and different impedance equations: those of Suprasongsin et al (FFM Sup), Schaefer et al (FFM Sch), Houtkooper et al (FFM Hou), and Deurenberg et al (FFM Deu). To determine the interchangeability of the different methods of measuring %FM and FFM, one way analysis of variance, standard error (SE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) ((SD/mean) x 100) were used. RESULTS: On average, no significant statistical differences were observed between the values determined for %FM: DXA value, 11.7 (5.4%); %FM Sla, 10.9 (4.0)%; %FM Deu, 11.5 (2.3)%. On the other hand, SE and CV% between each pair of the three methods used showed very large variability. With regard to the measurement or prediction of FFM, the mean value measured by DXA was significantly higher than that predicted by the equation of Sch (+7.2 kg, p < 0.001), Deu (+3.2 kg, p < 0.001), and Hou (+2.6 kg, p < 0.001), whereas it was lower than that predicted by the equation of Sup (-1.6 kg, p < 0.05). The Hou and Deu values were the only two that, on average, did not differ in a statistically significant way, although they showed the highest CV%. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of moderately active adolescents the estimated values for %FM and FFM appear to be highly dependent on method.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

The fatness-specific bioelectrical impedance analysis equations of Segal et al: are they generalizable and practical?

The fatness-specific bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations of Segal et al (Am J Clin Ntr 1988;47: 7-14; Segal equations) have been shown to be generalizable across sex, ethnicity, age, and degrees of adiposity. However, these fatness-specific equations require an a priori determination of percentage body fat (%BF) by using a skinfold equation or densitometry to categorize subjects into obese or nonobese groups. These procedures negate the use of BIA as a fast and simple method. It was hypothesized that the average of the Segal nonobese and obese fatness-specific equations (BIA average method) could be used in lieu of the skinfold method for categorizing subjects who are not obviously lean or obese. In phase 1 these three methods were compared for a subsample of 59 women who were not obviously lean or obese. The %BF of 75% of these subjects was accurately estimated within 3.5%BF by using the BIA average method whereas only 71% and 46% were accurately estimated by fusing the densitometric and skinfold methods, respectively. In phase 2, the predictive accuracy of the Segal fatness-specific equations, used in combination with the BIA average method, was compared with other BIA equations published previously for 602 American Indian, Hispanic, and white women and men. The Segal fatness-specific equations yielded the smallest prediction error (SEE = 2.22 kg for women and 3.59 kg for men) and the %BF of 70% of the subjects was accurately estimated within 3.5%BF compared with 24-59% for other BIA equations. Therefore, we recommend using the Segal fatness-specific and average equations to assess body composition in heterogeneous populations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Weight loss is greater with consumption of large morning meals and fat-free mass is preserved with large evening meals in women on a controlled weight reduction regimen.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether meal ingestion pattern [large morning meals (AM) vs. large evening meals (PM)] affects changes in body weight, body composition or energy utilization during weight loss. Ten women completed a metabolic ward study of 3-wk weight stabilization followed by 12 wk of weight loss with a moderately energy restricted diet [mean energy intake +/- SD = 107 +/- 6 kJ/(kg.d)] and regular exercise. The weight loss phase was divided into two 6-wk periods. During period 1, 70% of daily energy intake was taken as two meals in the AM (n = 4) or in the PM (n = 6). Subjects crossed over to the alternate meal time in period 2. Both weight loss and fat-free mass loss were greater with the AM than the PM meal pattern: 3.90 +/- 0.19 vs. 3.27 +/- 0.26 kg/6 wk, P < 0.05, and 1.28 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.16 kg/6 wk, P < 0.001, respectively. Change in fat mass and loss of body energy were affected by order of meal pattern ingestion. The PM pattern resulted in greater loss of fat mass in period 1 (P < 0.01) but not in period 2. Likewise, resting mid-afternoon fat oxidation rate was higher with the PM pattern in period 1 (P < 0.05) but not in period 2, corresponding with the fat mass changes. To conclude, ingestion of larger AM meals resulted in slightly greater weight loss, but ingestion of larger PM meals resulted in better maintenance of fat-free mass. Thus, incorporation of larger PM meals in a weight loss regimen may be important in minimizing the loss of fat-free mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Fluid changes during pregnancy: use of bioimpedance spectroscopy.

The increase in body water during pregnancy is responsible for the largest portion of weight gain and is of interest of clinical practitioners. However, assessing changes in body fluids is not easily accomplished during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for estimating fluid volumes before, during, and after pregnancy. Ten healthy adult women were recruited for the study. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume were measured at baseline (preconception); 8-10, 24-26, and 34-36 wk of gestation; and 4-6 wk postpartum by deuterium oxide and NaBr dilution, respectively. Estimates of TBW and ECF were also obtained by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). At baseline, mean values for dilution and BIS estimates of TBW and ECF were 33.2 +/- 4.6 (SD) vs. 31.6 +/- 6.2 liters and 15.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 16.9 +/- 2.3 liters, respectively. TBW and ECF estimated by BIS were not significantly different from the dilution values at any time point. These results suggest that BIS may be useful in estimating volumes of ECF and TBW during pregnancy.

Adult↗