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Biomedical subjects

M E Fowler

Publications and source records attributed to M E Fowler.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.

A Tigon fistula was surgically implanted into the third compartment of the stomach of 5 llamas to allow measurement of gastric pH. The llamas were allotted into 2 groups and given flunixin meglumine or cimetidine hydrochloride for 3 days. After 4 days without treatment, the drugs given to each group were reversed. Measurements of gastric pH were taken every 30 minutes for 6 hours, using an automated pH meter. The pH measurements after drug administration were compared with measurements obtained during a pretreatment control period. Gastric pH during pretreatment control periods had a mean of 1.43 +/- 0.063 (mean +/- SE). The use of flunixin did not significantly decrease gastric pH, compared with pretreatment controls. Gastric pH was significantly higher within the first 30 minutes after administering cimetidine, compared with pretreatment controls, but this difference disappeared at all later times.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Coccidioidomycosis in llamas in the United States: 19 cases (1981-1989).

Coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed in 19 llamas (California, 9; Arizona, 10). All but 1 had a disseminated form, with pyogranulomas principally in the lungs, thoracic lymph nodes, liver, and kidneys. However, lesions were found in tissue specimens from most organ systems. Antemortem diagnosis was based on radiographic evaluation of the lungs, serologic testing, or presence of spherules of Coccidioides immitis in pyogranuloma aspirates, skin scrapings, or biopsy specimens. Animals residing in endemic areas of southwestern United States are at risk, and llamas appear to be highly susceptible to developing disseminated forms of coccidioidomycosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pituitary response to repeated copulation and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in llamas and alpacas.

The response of the pituitary gland and ovary to repeated copulatory periods and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, i.v. 1000 micrograms) administration was determined in llamas and alpacas. Eighty adult females (41 llamas and 39 alpacas with ovulatory follicles) were divided into three general groups for each species as follows: copulation (one or two copulations at either 6- or 24-h intervals) GnRH treatment (one or two treatments at either 6- or 24-h intervals), and combined treatment (copulation followed by GnRH treatment, or GnRH followed by copulation at either 6- or 24-h intervals). An additional control (nontreated) group was composed of 4 llamas and 4 alpacas. The first copulation or treatment with GnRH provoked LH release sufficient to cause ovulation in most of the females (alpacas, 89%; llamas, 92%); urinary pregnanediol glucuronide values, used to verify ovulation, were significantly elevated 48 h after copulation and/or GnRH treatment. A second stimulus, copulation or GnRH, provoked no LH response with concentrations similar to those in nontreated controls and in females not ovulating. Llamas and alpacas thus were refractory to a second copulatory or GnRH stimulus with regard to LH release for up to 24 h following an initial ovulatory release of LH.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Radiographic findings in young llamas with forelimb valgus deformities: 28 cases (1980-1988).

Twenty-eight llamas with a mean age of 6.2 months had bilateral forelimb valgus deformities. The range of valgus deformity, as measured on a craniocaudal radiographic view, was 6 to 25 degrees, with a similar degree of deviation in each limb. Morphologic abnormalities in the distal portion of the radius and ulna were more prominent in the ulna and included metaphyseal and epiphyseal flaring, physeal ectasia, and metaphyseal sclerosis. Distal radial epiphyseal ectasia, and metaphyseal sclerosis. Distal radial epiphyseal wedging was believed to be secondary to the ulnar deformity. Radial bowing with lateral and caudal concavity and unequal cortical thickness was evident. Epiphyseal and metaphyseal flaring with physeal ectasia was noticed in the distal portion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones. Carpal bones were unaffected.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Urinary steroids in the periparturient and postpartum periods through early pregnancy in llamas.

Urinary steroids were determined daily in the periparturient and postpartum periods, including early pregnancy, in the female llama. Estrone sulfate (E(1)S) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay with values corrected for variations in urine concentration by creatinine. Estrone sulfate concentrations, elevated during the last 20 days of gestation through 12 hours before parturition, were declining at the time of delivery. Pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations followed a pattern similar to that of estrone sulfate except that values began to decrease 5 days before parturition. Values for both E(1)S and PdG were basal by 24 hours after delivery. The first significant elevation of estrone sulfate, indicative of initial follicle development, was observed 5 days after parturition. Pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations were low during the postpartum period until 4 to 5 days after breeding. The PdG values rose steadily following copulatory-induced ovulation, which was initiated at about 2 weeks postpartum; values continued to increase through the first 15 days of pregnancy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

The effect of ovarian follicle size on pituitary and ovarian responses to copulation in domesticated South American camelids.

The relation of ovarian follicle size to pituitary and ovarian responses to copulation was studied in domesticated South American camelids (llamas and alpacas). Females from each species were divided into four groups according to follicle size: small (4-5 mm), growing (6-7 mm), mature (8-12 mm), and regressing (10-7 mm). The pituitary response to copulation was determined by analysis of LH and FSH concentrations in plasma. The ovarian response to copulation was determined by ultrasonography and by analysis of estrone sulfate (follicular status) and pregnanediol glucuronide (luteal status) concentrations in urine. Females with small follicles (4-5 mm) released less LH after copulation than did those with larger follicles, and ovulation was not induced. Females with growing and mature follicles (7-12 mm) released LH in response to copulation that was adequate to induce ovulation and to initiate normal luteal activity. While copulation-induced LH release in females with regressing follicles was similar to that released in animals with growing and mature follicles, regressing follicles were luteinized instead of being ovulated. The luteal structure formed as a result of luteinization of follicles had a short life span, i.e., 5.1 days. Copulation-induced LH release was significantly higher in llamas vs. alpacas in animals with mature or regressing follicles, but not in those with small or growing follicles. Urinary estrone sulfate and pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations correlated positively with the presence of follicles and corpora lutea, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Endocrine responses in the llama to copulation.

Nine adult female llamas were used to determine the time course for secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol-17beta (E(2)) following a single copulation (average 18 min), and progesterone (P(4)) during the development of the subsequent luteal phase. Heparinized blood samples were obtained through an indwelling jugular cannula at 15-min intervals for up to 24 h following copulation and then once daily for up to 10 d. Luteinizing hormone, assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a monoclonal antibody 518B7 against the beta subunit of bovine LH, was determined at 15 min intervals for 24 h following copulation. Estradiol-17beta was determined by RIA at 4-h intervals following copulation, then daily, while P(4) values were determined daily by enzyme immunoassay. A significant increase in LH concentration was observed by 15 min after the onset of copulation, with the peak of the preovulatory surge of LH occurring at 2 h; values were basal by 7 h after copulation. Estradiol-17beta values, unchanged through 18 h after copulation, tended to decline at 22 h (24 h, P<0.10) and were significantly lower than 18 h values by 48 h (P<0.05) after copulation. The first significant P(4) increase occurred at 3 d after copulation, with values increasing through 10 d. The LH surge observed subsequent to copulation is consonant with the llama being an induced ovulator.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama.

Ovarian follicular dynamics were determined in adult llamas by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum and hormone analysis (estradiol-17 beta and estrogen conjugates) of plasma and urine. The relationship of gonadotropin secretion to follicular development was determined by the analysis of plasma FSH and LH concentrations. Progesterone analysis of plasma was used to verify or deny the presence of CL. Final follicular development (from 3 mm) averaged 4.8 days, while the duration of the mature follicle (8-12 mm) averaged 5.0 days; regression of the follicle occurred over about 4 days. The development of a subsequent dominant follicle usually began within 2-3 days after onset of regression of the dominant follicle. While several follicles were present at the time of the demise of the dominant follicle, only one follicle continued to develop. The interval between ovarian follicle waves averaged 11.1 days. Dominant follicle activity alternated between ovaries in 81% of the cycles. The occurrence of dominant follicles was evenly distributed between ovaries. While plasma estradiol and estrogen conjugate concentrations were positively associated (p less than 0.05) with follicular activity, urinary estrogen conjugate concentrations best reflected ovarian follicular dynamics (p less than 0.001). Daily FSH concentrations in plasma were not correlated with follicular activity. LH concentrations in plasma were low in all animals throughout the study, indicating estrogen from developing ovarian follicles does not induce the release of LH. Progesterone values were low during the study, indicating that the llama does not spontaneously ovulate, at least under the conditions of this study. In summary, llamas have overlapping ovarian follicle waves that occur at about 11-day intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Quality assurance: definition and importance.

Quality assurance is an essential part of health care and nursing. While many nurses are familiar with the words "quality assurance," most are not directly involved in the process. Because of increased requirements for licensure and accreditation, and an increased desire for cost-containment, more nurses will become active participants in quality assurance programs. Some institutions are making participation in quality assurance part of the "clinical ladder/advancement" process.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1990

Fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (Lama glama).

The placenta of llamas is epitheliochorial, with patchy areas of dense folded papillation serving as the placentome. The amnion of the full-term placenta is closely adhered to either the allantois or the chorion and remains with these structures at the time of parturition. Llamas and alpacas, like dromedaries, have an extra fetal membrane that is derived from the epidermis of the fetus. In association with the watery amniotic fluid of llamas, the epidermal membrane is slippery, facilitating delivery of the fetus.

Allantois↗
PubMed1989

Knemidokoptes mutans (Acari: Knemidocoptidae) in a great-horned owl (Bubo virginianus).

A routine examination of a captive juvenile great-horned owl (Bubo virginianus) revealed bilateral proliferative papillary hyperkeratosis on the feet. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings produced numerous mites identified as Knemidokoptes mutans. This is the first record of this parasite in a great-horned owl. A single dose of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) was effective in treatment of this infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Reference ranges for hematologic and serum biochemical values in llamas (Lama glama).

Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in 174 llamas of all age groups and both sexes from ranches in California and Nevada. Compared with hematologic values for horses and cattle, llama erythrocytes were more numerous (10.1 to 17.3 x 10(6)/microliters), but the PCV was lower (25 to 45%) because the smaller elliptical cells pack tighter. The mean corpuscular volume was half that of horses and cattle (22 to 29.5 fl). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (38.9 to 46.2 g/dl), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin slightly lower (9.6 to 12.6 pg). Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle and horses, with the exception of triiodothyronine (48 to 468 ng/dl) and thyroxin (9.8 to 30 micrograms/dl), which are up to 10 times higher than values for other domestic species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immune response of the llama (Lama glama) to tetanus toxoid vaccination.

An ELISA was developed to measure serum concentrations of tetanus toxoid-specific immunoglobulins. The titers obtained with this assay were compatible with those obtained by the standard mouse toxin-neutralization test. Serum samples from 123 llamas were analyzed for ELISA titers to tetanus toxoid. Of the 82 vaccinated adults, 75 (91%) had titers greater than or equal to 1:50. The vaccination status and titers of weanlings and juveniles (3 to 12 months old) varied; of the 21 vaccinated, 17 (81%) had titers greater than or equal to 1:50 and 7 of 9 (78%) unvaccinated llamas had titers less than 1:50. The ELISA titers of unvaccinated llamas less than 8 weeks old (crias) were matched with the maternal titers. All crias with titers less than 1:50 had dams with titers greater than or equal to 1:50.

Animals↗