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Biomedical subjects

M F Meyer

Publications and source records attributed to M F Meyer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Prevalence of hepatitis C in a German prison for young men in relation to country of birth.

A high prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection of up to 80% has been reported for injecting drug users (IDUs) in prison communities. However, there are only very limited data available on the prevalence and course of HCV in young offenders. We performed a study on hepatitis C markers in the largest German Young Offenders' Institution (YOI), a prison for men (aged 16-24 years). In 2002, all 1176 incoming offenders were asked to participate in the study of whom >95% agreed. Ninety-seven inmates (8.6%) tested positive for anti-HCV or HCV RNA, 79% of whom were viraemic. None of the patients had evidence of cirrhosis at presentation. Interestingly, six individuals (6%) tested positive for HCV RNA in the absence of anti-HCV antibodies, four of whom cleared HCV spontaneously during follow-up without either clinical signs of acute hepatitis or developing HCV antibodies. Hepatitis C markers were significantly more prevalent among immigrants from the former Soviet Union (NIS) than among German inmates (31% vs. 6% respectively, P<0.0001). HIV co-infection was found in five individuals, all of whom were German. In contrast, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in five NIS immigrants, one Lebanese and one German inmate. HCV genotypes 2 and 3 were more prevalent in immigrants than in German inmates, while biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between the two groups. In conclusion, the prevalence of hepatitis C was relatively low among inmates of German YOIs although there were significant differences in relation to the country of birth. Our data highlight the need for educational programmes for young offenders in order to prevent the further spread of HCV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in viral hepatitis.

CD4+ T cells are thought to contribute to antiviral immune responses by secretion of cytokines thereby providing help to CD8+ T and B cells. However, perforin-positive cytotoxic CD4+ T cells have been described in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suggesting a role not only of CD8+ but also of CD4+ T cells for killing virus-infected cells. We investigated 76 patients with viral hepatitis [15 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 22 HBV/hepatitis D virus and 17 hepatitis C virus (HCV)] for cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. The frequency of perforin-positive CD4+ T cells in viral hepatitis was highly variable ranging from < 1% to more than 25%. Perforin-positive CD4+ T cells displayed the phenotype of terminally differentiated effector cells (CD28-, CD27-). The highest frequencies of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were found in patients with delta hepatitis (P = 0.04 vs HBV and HCV patients), and the presence of CD4+ CTLs was associated with elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels (P = 0.01) and decreased platelet counts (P = 0.03). Perforin-positive CD4+ T cells decreased in two individuals during spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C. Significant associations were found between the frequency of perforin-expressing CD4+ cells and age (P = 0.04), perforin-positive CD8+ cells (P < 0.001) and perforin-positive CD4-/CD8- lymphoid cells (P = 0.002). Differentiated CD27- effector CD4+ CTLs can be detected in patients with viral hepatitis. In particular in patients with more advanced liver disease, the accumulation of perforin-positive T cells with age could be one correlate for the more severe course of viral hepatitis in elderly individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lack of a difference in increased capillary blood cell velocity in the skin over proximal interphalangeal joints between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Early detection of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and distinction from osteoarthritis (OA) are important to establish the most appropriate treatment. Increased perfusion over affected joints observed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging was supposed to arise from the underlying joint, because it was detected only by a near-infrared laser and not by a less penetrating red laser source. Using laser Doppler anemometry, this study addressed two questions: (1) whether capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) is increased in the skin over finger joints affected by RA or OA; (2) whether there is a difference between RA and OA in CBV above affected proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured, because they indicate rheumatoid vasculitis raising flow resistance. Thirty-one patients with RA and 20 with OA were investigated. Compared to 18 controls, CBV (mean+/-SEM) was elevated above PIP joints clinically affected by RA (0.35+/-0.06 mm/s vs. 0.21+/-0.02 mm/s; P<0.05) and over PIP (0.27+/-0.02 mm/s vs. 0.21+/-0.02 mm/s; P<0.05) and distal interphalangeal joints (0.27+/-0.02 mm/s vs. 0.17+/-0.01 mm/s; P<0.001) affected by OA. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules were not correlated with CBV over PIP joints in RA. These observations demonstrated that elevated blood cell velocity is detectable by laser Doppler anemometry in skin capillaries over interphalangeal joints affected by RA or OA and contradict the previous assumption that there is hyperemia only in the affected joint. The lack of a significant difference in CBV over PIP joints between RA and OA patients might be due to some inflammation also occurring in OA rather than to vasculitic processes in RA associated with elevated levels of soluble adhesion molecules.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Airway manifestations of relapsing polychondritis: treatment with cyclophosphamide and placement of bronchial stents].

We report the case of a 41-year-old female patient with relapsing polychondritis and severe respiratory involvement. The patient presented with acute respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation. Bronchoscopy revealed tracheal collapse and inflammatory stenoses with dynamic collapse of the major airways. We describe a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach, consisting of immunosuppressive treatment, bronchoscopic placement of self-expandable stents into the collapsing bronchi, and tracheotomy. In addition, we report the effectiveness of oral cyclophosphamide for treatment of relapsing polychondritis with severe respiratory involvement after failure of other immunosuppressive agents. The problem of severe respiratory complications in patients with relapsing polychondritis and the need for a multidisciplinary approach is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Impaired 0.1-Hz vasomotion assessed by laser Doppler anemometry as an early index of peripheral sympathetic neuropathy in diabetes.

Impairment of 0.1-Hz vasomotion, which was found in diabetic patients, was suggested to be an early index of sympathetic dysfunction. We studied the relationships between alterations in vasomotion and both cardiac autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Twenty type 1 and 22 type 2 diabetic patients were investigated. Vasomotion was recorded in single capillaries at the dorsal middle phalangeal area of the left ring finger by means of laser Doppler anemometry. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was assessed by spectral analysis of heart rate variation during rest and recording heart rate responses to deep breathing and Valsalva manoeuvre. Sensory neuropathy was investigated by measuring heat pain, vibration, and thermal sensory thresholds. Impaired vasomotion was more often (82.4%) found in diabetic patients with at least one altered cardiac autonomic test, but also in 47.1% of those with all of these tests being normal (P = 0.035). Both heart rate variation coefficient during rest (r = 0.40, P = 0.045) and Valsalva ratio (r = 0.41, P = 0.037) correlated positively with amplitudes of vasomotion in type 1 diabetic patients. The prevalence of impaired vasomotion was not higher in patients with sensory neuropathy compared to those with normal sensory functions. A disturbed warm sensation was only found in 2 patients and none had an abnormal heat pain threshold. Our data indicate that impairment of 0.1-Hz vasomotion precedes parasympathetic neuropathy, assessed by heart rate variation tests, and abnormalities in warm and heat pain sensation. Reduction of arteriolar vasomotion, detected by laser Doppler anemometry, might be an early index of sympathetic dysfunction, because it correlates with disturbances in those cardiac autonomic tests, which are at least in part under sympathetic control.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Impairment of cutaneous arteriolar 0.1 Hz vasomotion in diabetes.

Arteriolar vasomotion, the cyclic contraction/dilation of terminal arterioles, is disordered in diabetes. The aim of the present study was to characterize the impairment of cutaneous vasomotion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, especially with regard to the influence of metabolic control and to the response to shear stress. Twenty type 1 and 23 type 2 diabetic patients were investigated. Vasomotion waves were recorded in single capillaries at the dorsal middle phalangeal area of the left ring finger during rest, after warming the skin temperature to 33 degrees C, and after 3-min arterial occlusion by means of laser Doppler anemometry. Suprasystolic occlusion caused an increase in amplitudes of vasomotion only in type 1 diabetic patients (0.12 +/- 0.04 mm/s vs. 0.36 +/- 0.06 mm/s, p = 0.001). In type 1 but not in type 2 diabetic patients, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with amplitudes of resting vasomotion (r = 0.62, p = 0.002 and r = 0.65, p = 0.001, respectively). Amplitudes of vasomotion after warming up at frequencies of 5 - 8 cycles per minute (0.08 - 0.13 Hz) correlated inversely with the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) (r = - 0.56, p = 0.005) only in type 1 diabetic patients. In conclusion, we found suprasystolic occlusion and increasing blood pressure to provoke vasomotion with a concomitant decrease in effective vascular resistance only in type 1 diabetic patients. The impaired vasomotion response to shear stress in type 2 diabetes might favour the development of skin lesions and arterial hypertension. Insufficient glycemic control seems to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of impaired vasomotion in type 1 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pitfall in diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in a hypochondroplastic patient with a delayed puberty.

Hypochondroplasia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia with less obvious disproportion in childhood and a reduced pubertal growth spurt. We report on a young hypochondroplastic man who had been misdiagnosed and treated as being growth hormone (GH) deficient in the early phase of puberty. The delay of his puberty which is unusual in hypochondroplasia might have confused the results of provocative GH testing. At the age of 17 years measurement of body proportions revealed an increased upper to lower body segment ratio. Skeletal radiographs showed a lack of increase in the interpedicular distance from the first to the fifth lumbar vertebra, anteroposterior shortening of the lumbar pedicles, short femoral necks, a fibula longer than the tibia, and short tubular bones. As the clinical and radiographic features suggested the diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia, a DNA sequence analysis of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene on chromosome 4 p16.3 was performed, which identified the missense mutation C1620 G in the tyrosine kinase domain resulting in an Asn540Lys substitution. Hypochondroplastic children with this common mutation (N540K) were previously found to respond to GH treatment with an increase in sitting height compared to leg length, which accentuated the existing disproportion. We want to emphasise that in children with normal serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels accurate measurements of body proportions and skeletal radiographs in disproportionate cases are more important than reiterative GH stimulation tests, which prepubertally and in the early phase of puberty often show subnormal responses.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Applied felted foam for plantar pressure relief is an efficient therapy in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.

The application of felted foam is a promising method for plantar pressure reduction in the ulcer region of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers, but the knowledge of its impact on the wound healing and healing times in foot ulcers compared to conventional methods of pressure relief is sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the effects on the wound healing of felted foam dressings for plantar pressure reduction in the therapy of neuropathic foot ulcers. This prospective cohort study evaluates healing times and wound healing in 61 diabetic patients with neuropathic foot ulcerations. Ulcer healing was assessed by planimetric measurement of the wound area at beginning of the study and after 10 weeks and at least until wound healing. The patients were consecutively enrolled in the study, 27 patients were randomized to the felted foam therapy, and 34 patients were randomized to conventional therapy. In the felted foam group, the initial average wound area was 110.8 +/- 14.4 mm 2 (mean +/- SE), and 2.1 +/- 0.5 mm 2 after ten weeks (p < 0.0001), with an average healing time of 79.6 (95%-CI 75-84) days. In the conventional therapy group, the initial average wound area was 119.2 +/- 13.8 mm 2, and 3.4 +/- 0.7 mm 2 after ten weeks (p < 0.0001). The average healing times was 83.2 (95%-CI 77-90) days. Both with respect to the wound healing process and the healing times, the felted foam technique appears to be as effective as conventional plantar ulcer treatment. We conclude that the felted foam technique is an useful alternative in the therapy of the neuropathic diabetic foot syndrome, especially in patients who are not able to avoid weight-bearing reliably.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2001

[Assessment of diabetic alterations of microcirculation by means of capillaroscopy and laser-Doppler anemometry].

BACKGROUND: Only minor changes of skin capillary morphology have been described in diabetic patients by means of capillaroscopy, whereas cutaneous microvascular dysfunction is well known. We examined correlations between functional and morphological abnormalities of the capillaries in Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients and the influence of diabetes duration on capillary morphology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Density, diameters and morphology of nailfold capillaries were investigated in diabetic patients, 16 Type 1 and 19 Type 2, and compared to age- and sex-matched control groups. Capillary blood cell velocities (CBV) during rest and after 3-minute arterial occlusion were measured in the dorsal middle phalangeal area of the left ring finger by means of laser Doppler anemometry. RESULTS: Capillary density, width and arterial limb diameter were similar in Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients compared to their controls. Capillary diameters of the apical part and the venous limb were enlarged in the combined analysis of Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients compared to the control group (apex: 19.2 +/- 0.6 microns vs 17.4 +/- 0.6 microns, p = 0.0243; venous limb: 17.3 +/- 0.5 microns vs 15.9 +/- 0.4 microns, p = 0.0238). Tortuous capillaries were more often observed in Type 1 (n = 13 vs n = 7, p = 0.028) and 2 diabetic patients (n = 16 vs n = 9, p = 0.019) than in controls. In Type 1 diabetic patients an inverse correlation (r = -0.52; p = 0.019) was found between capillary density and resting CBV. In Type 2 diabetic patients capillary apex diameter correlated positively with peak CBV (r = 0.49; p = 0.017). Disease duration correlated inversely with arterial limb diameter (r = -0.48; p = 0.020) and width of the capillaries (r = -0.48; p = 0.018) in Type 2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Tortuous and dilated capillaries, indicating microangiopathy, were found in the skin of diabetic patients by means of capillaroscopy. Using laser Doppler anemometry it is possible to assess impairment of postocclusive reactive hyperemia, due to diabetic microvascular dysfunction, in single capillaries. Correlations between morphological and functional microcirculatory alterations in diabetes may be explained by hemodynamic changes, depending on diabetes duration.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Lack of association between antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombocytopenia in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), thrombocytopenia is less common than thrombocytosis. An increased prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), which is associated with thrombocytopenia, has been noted in patients with WG. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between thrombocytopenia and aPL in patients with WG. METHODS: Thrombocytopenic episodes were searched for in a random sample of 83 patients with WG. Stored sera obtained during thrombocytopenia, which was defined as platelet count below 130 x 10(9)/L, were examined by 2 different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and for IgG antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (aPS). Screening for lupus anticoagulant was performed by use of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Results were compared with the prevalence of aPL in 20 consecutive nonthrombocytopenic patients with WG. RESULTS: Six cases with thrombocytopenic episodes were found in the group of 83 patients with WG. Increased IgG and IgM aCL were detected in 1 patient, who also had elevated IgG aPS. A positive test result solely for IgM aCL was found in another patient. These findings were consistent in both ELISA for aPL. Five patients were being treated with cyclophosphamide when thrombocytopenia occurred. In the group of nonthrombocytopenic patients with WG, elevated IgG aCL and IgG aPS were consistently detected in 1 patient in both ELISA. Three other patients had positive results in single tests, which were not confirmed by the second assay. In all patients, aPTT was normal. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia is a rare finding in patients with WG. A similar prevalence of aPL in thrombocytopenic and nonthrombocytopenic patients with WG provides no evidence that aPL play a major role in the pathogenesis of these events. Thrombocytopenia in WG is more likely caused by the myelotoxic effect of preceding cyclophosphamide treatment. We found a frequency of aPL in WG that exceeds frequencies seen in the general population but does not approximate those detected in systemic lupus erythematosus and closely related disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 31:4-11.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cytomegalovirus infection in systemic necrotizing vasculitis: causative agent or opportunistic infection?

We report on a 69-year-old woman who presented with myalgia, hearing impairment, fever, night sweats, weight loss, muscular weakness, paresthesia, hypesthesia, and hypalgesia. Sural nerve biopsy showed demyelinative and axonal polyneuropathy due to necrotizing vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis. A positive test for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) with a perinuclear immunofluorescence pattern directed against myeloperoxidase was more suggestive of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) than of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), the possible differential diagnoses. In addition, positive tests for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies (immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG) and the detection of CMV-DNA in sputum specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were indicative of active CMV infection. Treatment with ganciclovir and anti-CMV immunoglobulin in addition to prednisolone medication for 6 months resulted in rapid improvement of the clinical symptoms without relapse. CMV infection has been described to be related to ANCA-associated vasculitis in non-immunocompromized patients and may be either a causative agent or an opportunistic infection. Identification of a viral etiology in patients with atypical ANCA-associated vasculitides may lead to different, less aggressive treatment approaches, including antiviral therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Association of polycystic ovary syndrome with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11.

Several pathways have been implicated in the etiology of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The observation of familial aggregation of PCOS is consistent with a genetic component of this disorder. We report on a 21-year-old woman with menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, elevated serum androgen levels and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasonography, meeting the diagnostic criteria of PCOS. A cytogenetic investigation was performed because of a congenital heart defect, craniofacial anomalies in infancy (quadricephaly with protruding forehead, flat nasal bridge, low set ears with attached earlobes, small mouth, high arched palate with submucous palatal cleft, retrognathia), broad neck, motor and speech developmental delay. Chromosomal analysis revealed an unbalanced interstitial deletion of one of the chromosomes 11 [del (11) (q21q23.1)]. Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11 have been reported in at least 18 patients. Candidate genes for PCOS have not been suspected at this chromosomal location so far. Follistatin and CYP11A, the genes with the strongest evidence for linkage with PCOS, are located on chromosomes 5 and 15. In the chromosomal region deleted in our patient a progesterone receptor gene is located in band q22. Lowered progesterone receptor concentration is associated with retardation of endometrial development. A disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis, due to a reduction of hypothalamic and pituitary progesterone receptors might be a component in the etiology of PCOS.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Influence of metabolic control and duration of disease on microvascular dysfunction in diabetes assessed by laser Doppler anemometry.

A reduced and delayed postocclusive reactive hyperaemia has been demonstrated in diabetic patients using videophotometric capillaroscopy and laser Doppler fluxmetry. The aim of the present study was to examine by means of the new technique of laser Doppler anemometry whether impairment of skin microcirculation differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients especially with regard to metabolic control and duration of diabetes. Sixteen type 1 and 19 type 2 diabetic patients were investigated and subdivided in patients with "good" (HbA1c < 7.5%) or "bad" (HbA1c > 7.5%) metabolic control and in patients with a diabetes duration of less or more than 10 years. Two age- and sex-matched groups comprising 16 and 19 non-diabetic subjects served as controls. The capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) was measured in the dorsal middle phalangeal area during rest and after 3-min arterial occlusion. In type 1 diabetic patients we found a reduced peak CBV (0.69 +/- 0.08 mm/s vs. 0.96 +/- 0.07 mm/s, p < 0.05) and a prolonged time to peak CBV (33.8 +/- 4.8 s vs. 13.6 +/- 1.9 s, p < 0.001). The delay of the postocclusive reactive hyperaemia was shown not only in patients with a diabetes duration of more than 10 years and HbA1c values above 7.5% but also in patients with a shorter disease duration and better metabolic control. In type 2 diabetes time to peak CBV (46.8 +/- 8.5 s vs. 16.4 +/- 2.2 s, p < 0.001) was also prolonged already in the first 10 years of the disease. However with regard to metabolic control a reduced peak CBV (0.54 +/- 0.04 mm/ s vs. 0.70 +/- 0.04 mm/s, p < 0.05) and a prolonged time to peak CBV (56.6 +/- 14.8 s vs. 13.7 +/- 2.7 s, p < 0.01) was found in type 2 diabetes only in the group of patients with HbA1c > 7.5%. The results indicate that in type 2 diabetes actual metabolic control might be of greater importance for the microvascular dysfunction than in type 1 diabetes and that the skin capillary circulation is impaired already in the first 10 years of both diabetes types.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The soluble hyaluronidase from bull testes is a fragment of the membrane-bound PH-20 enzyme.

The membrane-bound PH-20 hyaluronidase is known to be essential for fertilization. Here we addressed the question whether the soluble hyaluronidase from bull teste is related to the PH-20 polypeptide. The sequence of the membrane-bound PH-20 hyaluronidase from bovine sperm was determined via cDNA cloning. In parallel, from a commercial preparation of bovine hyaluronidase the major 60-kDa form was purified to apparent homogeneity. The soluble enzyme was digested with two different proteases and with cyanogen bromide and the amino acid sequence of 44 different fragments was determined. All the peptide sequences could be aligned to the sequence deduced from the cloned cDNAs. Our results thus show that the soluble 60-kDa hyaluronidase from bovine testes is a glycoprotein derived from the sperm PH-20 enzyme. As compared to the primary translation product of the PH-20 mRNA, it lacks the signal peptide at the amino terminus and 56 amino acids at the carboxyl end. These results demonstrate that the soluble 60-kDa enzyme is a fragment of the PH-20 hyaluronidase. It is currently not known whether the soluble testes hyaluronidase has a distinct biological function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Cells expressing the DG42 gene from early Xenopus embryos synthesize hyaluronan.

DG42 is one of the main mRNAs expressed during gastrulation in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Here we demonstrate that cells expressing this mRNA synthesize hyaluronan. The cloned DG42 cDNA was expressed in rabbit kidney (RK13) and human osteosarcoma (tk-) cells using a vaccinia virus system. Lysates prepared from infected cells were incubated in the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid. This yielded a glycosaminoglycan with a molecular mass of about 200,000 Da. Formation of this product was only observed in the presence of both substrates. The glycosaminoglycan could be digested with testicular hyaluronidase and with Streptomyces hyaluronate lyase but not with Serratia chitinase. Hyaluronan synthase activity could also be detected in homogenates of early Xenopus embryos, and the activity was found to correlate with the expression of DG42 mRNA at different stages of development. Synthesis of hyaluronan is thus an early event after midblastula transition, indicating its importance for the ensuing cell movements in the developing embryo. Our results are at variance with a recent report (Semino, C. E. & Robbins, P. W. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3498-3501) that DG42 codes for an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of chitin-like oligosaccharides.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intracavernous application of SIN-I in rabbit and man: functional and toxicological results.

The mode of action of the active metabolite SIN-I of the vasodilator prodrug molsidomine was studied in vitro and in vivo in corpus cavernosum of rabbit and man. SIN-I produces a dose-dependent relaxation of isolated human cavernous smooth muscle strips. In the rabbit, the intracavernous application of SIN-I increased the intracavernous pressure to a full erection (approximately 100 cm H2O). This response was highly reproductible. SIN-I was also injected intracavernously 6 times in five rabbits over 2 weeks; no inflammatory or fibrotic reactions were found on histology. SIN-I may be a reliable drug for the treatment of impotence without side-effects.

Animals↗