Significantly increased complication risks with mass circumcisions.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M F Milos.
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American parents and health care professionals are faced with medical/ethical dilemmas regarding whether or not to respect the natural integrity of the male newborn's body. In the English-speaking countries, where circumcision of infants was initially adopted to prevent masturbation, medical "reasons" were postulated to justify a practice most of the world has never considered. This resulted in a spectrum of medical recommendations for surgical removal of normal genital tissue in all male newborns to prevent diseases (foreskin inflammation, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases) that could be effectively treated medically without the risks of surgery. Only by denying the existence of excruciating pain, perinatal encoding of the brain with violence, interruption of maternal-infant bonding, betrayal of infant trust, the risks and effects of permanently altering normal genitalia, the right of human beings to sexually intact and functional bodies, and the right to individual religious freedoms can human beings continue this practice.
Obtaining a correct working length is critical to the success of endodontic therapy. Failure to identify this crucial measurement can result in untoward treatment outcomes, which may include increased patient discomfort, possible infection or cyst development, and extrusion or intra-canal medication into the periradicular tissue. This article reviews the classical and current terminology, philosophies, and techniques that are used at present to determine endodontic working length accurately, and describes their clinical application. Recent clinical advances such as the electronic apex locator, direct digital radiography, and the surgical operating microscope also are discussed.
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