The ocular manifestations of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, while often not severe enough to affect vision, may develop in proliferative stages, resulting in arteriolar-venular anastomoses, neovascular proliferations, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The authors review the historical, biochemical, and geographic aspects of the disease, and provide detailed descriptions of findings in theconjunctiva, uvea and fundus, with particular emphasis on the retina. Pathogenesis, histopathologic and clinical appearance, and modes of treatment are discussed.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fluorescein angiography of the fundus: a schematic approach to interpretation.

Fluorescein angiographic patterns reveal a wide variety of anatomical, pathological and physiological information which, correctly interpreted, contributes to the differential diagnosis of fundus diseases and to the evaluation of appropriate therapeutic approaches. A schema for interpretation of the fluorescein angiogram is presented, following a logical progression from the initial determination of abnormal hypofluorescence of hyperfluorescence to the evaluation of the specific locations and features of the patterns, and their relationships to various disorders.

Choroid Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital anomalies of the optic disc.

Although anomalies affecting the optic nerve head are usually clinically innocuous, they can sometimes cause significant symptoms and lead to visual loss. It is important to be able to recognize even the relatively benign lesions in order to differentiate them from other more threatening lesions or disease processes which they may clinically resemble. An awareness of the clinical appearance of disc anomalies is especially important in the differential diagnosis of optic nerve glaucomatous changes. Some anomalies cause various types of visual field loss which, if the actual disc lesion is not recognized, may lead to unnecessary neurologic evaluation or even to intracranial surgery. The optic nerve changes in acquired myopia and in the congenital tilted disc syndrome should be clearly defined and differentiated: high (pathologic) myopia may be highly progressive with many dangerous secondary sequelae, while the latter anomaly is stationary. Finally, there is a group of conditions, collectively termed "elevated anomalies of the disc," which must be considered in the differential diagnosis of papilledema and potentially dangerous intraocular tumors, particularly retinoblastoma. This review provides a clinicopathologic correlation comparing the characteristics of the normal optic disc to those of the most important congenital anomalies of the disc.

Coloboma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Retinal arterial macroaneurysms.

Retinal arterial macroaneurysms represent a distinct clinical entity. Macroaneurysms are seen in the elderly with a marked female predominance and a strong association with hypertension and arteriosclerotic vascular changes. The classic appearance provides an easy diagnosis; however, variable presentations, such as subretinal hemorrhage, macular exudate, and epiretinal membranes can make the diagnosis difficult. The differential diagnosis of retinal arterial macroaneurysms include retinal telangiectasia, angiomatosis retinae, venous macroaneurysms, background diabetic retinopathy, and cavernous hemangioma. The clinical characteristics of the reported cases are summarized, and our series of 60 patients is presented. The natural history of most macroaneurysms is spontaneous involution without loss of vision. However, visual loss may occur secondary to macular edema, exudate, hemorrhage and neurosensory retinal detachment, and photocoagulation may expedite visual recovery. Photocoagulation treatment may be applied directly to the macroaneurysm, indirectly by surrounding the macroaneurysm, or as a combination of these two methods.

Aneurysm↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Unilateral lattice dystrophy of the cornea.

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Adult↗