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Biomedical subjects

M Fujiki

Publications and source records attributed to M Fujiki.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Responses to requests for conversational repair by adults with mental retardation.

This study focused on adjustments made in conversation in response to listener feedback. Subjects consisted of 22 community-based and 22 institutionalized adults with mental retardation individually matched for full-scale IQ. For each subject, data were collected in a dyadic conversation with an investigator. During the course of the conversation, the investigator introduced stacked sequences of three requests for clarification of the same message ("Huh?" "What?" "What?"). Each subject's responses to these requests were analyzed. Results indicated that community-based subjects used certain sophisticated repair strategies more often than did their institutionalized peers. However, neither group of subjects was as responsive to the requests for clarification as would have been predicted considering their general levels of intellectual and linguistic functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Spinal and muscle motor evoked potentials following magnetic stimulation in cats.

Motor evoked potentials (MEP) from transcranial magnetic stimulation were successfully recorded from the spinal cord and gastrocnemius muscle in cats. The spinal MEP consisted of four negative peaks, N1 through N4, and subsequent small, multiphasic waves. The conduction velocity calculated from N1 corresponded to that of the nonpyramidal cerebellar evoked potential. After ablation of the pyramidal tract at various levels, N1 through N3 persisted, whereas N4 disappeared. The muscle MEP showed the same latency as that of MEP obtained by direct cortical electrical stimulation and disappeared after similar ablation. These findings suggest that the first three peaks of the spinal MEP are responses of the nonpyramidal cerebellospinal pathways and that the fourth peak of the spinal MEP and the muscle MEP are pyramidal tract responses. Spinal and muscle MEP from magnetic stimulation may be valuable in the qualitative evaluation of the function of the pyramidal and nonpyramidal pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Responses to requests for clarification by linguistically normal and language-impaired children in conversation.

This study compared the conversational repair strategies employed by 8 language-impaired children (mean chronological age 9:2 years) and their linguistically normal age- and language-matched peers in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification. A 30-min language sample was elicited by an adult examiner from each of the subjects. During the course of the conversation, the examiner initiated 10 stacked request for clarification sequences. Each sequence consisted of three different neutral requests for clarification (Huh?, What?, and I didn't understand that.) and the subject's response to each request. All of the subjects appeared to recognize the obligatory nature of the neutral clarification requests employed. However, there were differences noted in the performance of the three groups. These included differences related to language maturity as well as differences specific to language condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The ability of normal and language-impaired children to produce grammatical corrections.

The ability of normal and language-impaired children to correct grammatical violations of word order was examined. Ten language-impaired and 10 linguistically normal subjects were sampled from the following age levels: 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 years, resulting in a total of 100 subjects. Using a procedure designed to focus attention on language form, each of the children performed a task requiring the correction of 10 sentences containing word order errors. Normal 6-, 7-, and 8-year-olds performed significantly better than their language-impaired age-matched peers. In addition, the performance of language-impaired 9-, and 10-year-olds was superior to that of the younger impaired groups. In the normal groups, the only age level differences were produced by the 6-year-olds, who performed significantly more poorly than two of the older (8- and 10-year-old) groups.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

Responses to requests for clarification in linguistically normal and language-impaired children.

This study compared the conversational repair strategies employed by language-impaired and normal children in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification. Ten linguistically normal and 10 language-impaired children were sampled from each of the following age levels, 4:10-5:10, 6:10-7:10, and 8:10-9:10, resulting in a total of 60 subjects. Each subject was asked to describe a series of action pictures for an examiner who was seated behind a screen. At regular intervals, the examiner responded to the child's description by initiating a repair sequence. Each sequence consisted of three different neutral requests for clarification ("Huh?", "What?", and "I didn't understand that.") and the subject's response to each request. Although all subjects appeared to recognize the obligatory nature of the neutral clarification requests employed, differences were observed in the repair strategies used by normal and language-impaired children. In addition, impaired and younger normal subjects had greater difficulty responding appropriately as the stacked sequence progressed.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Development of conversational repair strategies in response to requests for clarification.

Conversational repair sequences are an important aspect of communicative interaction. These sequences may occur in the event of communication failure if a listener requests clarification of a previous aspect of the speaker's message. The purpose of this study was to investigate the repair strategies employed in conversation by children at four age levels. Ten linguistically normal children were sampled from each of the following age levels: 2:7 to 3:10, 4:10 to 5:10, 6:10 to 7:10, and 8:10 to 9:10 (years:months), resulting in a total of 40 subjects. Each subject was asked to describe a series of action pictures for an examiner who was seated behind a screen. At regular intervals, the examiner responded to the child's description by initiating a stacked repair sequence. Results indicated that subjects at all age levels complied with the initial request for clarification the majority of the time. However, with increasing age, subjects became more adept at handling the stacked sequence of requests for clarification. Older children were more responsive to the requests, and 9-year-old subjects demonstrated a wider range of strategies in providing repairs.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Elementary school age children's comprehension of specific idiomatic expressions.

This study explored the ability of elementary school age children to comprehend six idiomatic expressions. Eighty linguistically normal children, 20 from each of four different grade levels (kindergarten, second grade, fourth grade, and sixth grade) participated as subjects. All of the children completed a task designed to probe comprehension of specific idioms. A short story was presented, after which the subjects were required to identify events in the story, which were described using idiomatic phrases. When examined as a group, comprehension of the idioms studied improved with increasing age. However, when examined individually, performance was found to be highly variable from idiom to idiom. These results are discussed with regard to clinical implications in the assessment and management of language-disordered children.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Development of topic manipulation skills in discourse.

This study investigated the manipulation of discourse topic in spontaneous conversation in three age groups. Subjects consisted of six dyads of peers at each of the following age levels (years:months): 5:0-5:11, 9:0-9:11, and adults. Fifteen min of discourse were taped, transcribed, and analyzed for each age level. Patterns of topic introduction, reintroduction, maintenance, and shading were considered at each age level. Although considerable variation within groups was evident, the results suggested several developmental trends. The number of topics introduced and reintroduced in the sampling period decreased with age, whereas the proportion of topics maintained increased with age. Additionally, subjects maintained topics for longer sequences of utterances with increasing age. Topic shading also increased with age. These results are discussed with regard to patterns of development, and clinical implications are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sampling reliability in elicited imitation.

This study examined the number of trials necessary to obtain sampling reliability in elicited imitation. An examiner-constructed elicited imitation test was administered to 15 language-disordered subjects, sampled from the age range of 5:6 to 6:6 years. All test sentences were controlled for length, syntactic construction, and semantic content. The test instrument contained multiple occurrences of 16 syntactic structures. For each of these forms, subject performance on 1, 3, 5, and 7 trials was compared with performance on 10 trials. It was observed that sampling reliability increased as the number of trials increased, but as few as three repetitions provided reliable data.

Child↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of request-response sequences in the discourse of normal and language-disordered children.

This study compared several discourse characteristics of linguistically normal and language-disordered children. In order to examine interactive skills, several types of request-response sequences were considered. These included choice questions, product questions, request for clarification, and the responses elicited by these speech acts. While neither the linguistically normal nor the language-disordered groups had achieved an adult level of competence, normal children were much more aware of the interactive nature of discourse than language-disordered children. Normals most often responded within the boundaries of an acceptable adult response. Language-disordered children frequently ignored and responded inappropriately to requests. Their responses were occasionally contrary to fact or totally unrelated to the expected information. Some language-disordered subjects also demonstrated linguistic strategies that facilitated the flow of conversation, but showed no understanding of the content of the communicative interchange. The clinical implications of these findings and the need for further research are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Role of delayed hypersensitivity and cytostatic macrophages in the rejection of an allo-transplantable murine tumor.

Growth of an allo-transplantable tumor, sarcoma-180, was suppressed in ICR mice immunized with mitomycin C-treated tumor cells in Hanks' solution or heat-killed tumor cells mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant 7 days before subcutaneous inoculation of tumor cells. In those mice, cytotoxic lymphocytes were not detected in spleen, lymph node or peritoneal exudate cells before or after tumor inoculation. The activities of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity were not found in sera. Cytostatic activity was detected in peritoneal glass-adherent cells, but not in glass-nonadherent cells. Such an activity was also conferred on normal peritoneal glass-adherent cells by incubation with the culture supernatant of lymph node cells from preimmune mice and tumor cells. Cytostatic macrophages mediated by lymphokine-producing lymphocytes may be at least one of the main effector mechanisms in resistance against such an allo-transplantable tumor line.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Mutagenicity of smoke condensates induced by CO2-laser irradiation and electrocauterization.

Smoke condensates generated from mucous membrane of the canine tongue irradiated with a CO2 laser showed mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 under metabolic activation with S9 mix. Strain TA100 was not so sensitive to the condensates with or without S9 mix. Smoke condensates from electrocauterization on the mucosa of the canine tongue also showed mutagenic activity on TA98 and TA100 with S9 mix. The revertant number per mg of the smoke condensates from laser irradiation was one-half that of the smoke condensates from electrocauterization (1623 and 3371) in TA98. The mutagenic potency observed was comparable to that of cigarette smoke. The amount of these smoke condensates from 1 g of tissue was equivalent to those from 3--6 cigarettes as to total mutagenicity.

Animals↗