[Etiology and classification of portal hypertension].
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Budd-Chiari Syndrome↗
Biomedical subjects
M Fukasawa
Publications and source records attributed to M Fukasawa.
Sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught African mandrill.
Since the isolation of an HIV-2-related virus from captive macaques (SIVMAC), the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses, a much debated subject, has been attributed to monkeys. The sequence of SIVAGM, which is derived from a naturally infected African green monkey, shows equal relatedness to HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting that the derivation of these viruses from SIVAGM is unlikely. Recent sequence analysis of SIV from a captive sooty mangabey (SIVMAC), however, shows its close relatedness to HIV-2 and SIVMAC, indicating a possible origin of HIV-2 and SIVMAC from SIVSM (refs 4, 7, 9). We report here the sequence of a novel simian lentivirus, SIVMND, isolated from a wild-caught mandrill in Africa. It is distinct from the three other main groups, HIV-1, HIV-2/SIVMAC/SIVSM and SIVAGM, and therefore represents a fourth main group of primate lentiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these four main virus groups might have diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time, long before the spread of AIDS in humans.
Animals↗
The mitogenic activity of peritoneal tissue repair cells: control by growth factors.
The purpose of this study was to determine the proliferative activity of tissue repair fibroblasts recovered directly from injured peritoneum at various times after surgery and to test the mitogenic response of tissue repair cells (TRC) to growth factors. Rabbits underwent bilateral peritoneal abrasion (5 X 5 cm) with sterile gauze until punctate bleeding developed. Postsurgical (Days 2, 5, 7, and 10) tissue repair cells were recovered from the injured peritoneum by scraping with a scalpel blade. Although tissue repair cells consisted of a mixed cell type after 4 days in culture, recovered cells were essentially fibroblasts. These TRC were then pulsed with [3H]thymidine after 4 days in culture. The incorporation of thymidine into Postsurgical Day 5 TRC increased significantly compared to that of Day 2 TRC (P less than 0.05). Incorporation then decreased with time following surgery. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated the incorporation of thymidine into TRC. However, the response of Postsurgical Day 7 and 10 TRCs to 1 microgram/ml EGF was significantly greater than those of Postsurgical Day 2 and 5 TRCs (Day 2 TRC, 166 +/- 7.4; Day 10 TRC, 420 +/- 96% of control cells without EGF, P less than 0.05). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, 10 ng/ml) also stimulated the incorporation of thymidine into Day 10 TRCs, but this stimulatory activity (129.9 +/- 8.5% of control) was less than EGF or FGF. IL-1 alpha and IL-2 did not stimulate the incorporation of thymidine into TRC at a concentration of 100 pg/ml, but these cytokines did stimulate protein synthesis by TRC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Production of protease inhibitors by postsurgical macrophages.
The deposition and lysis of fibrin are important processes in normal peritoneal healing. Since macrophages secrete a neutral plasminogen activator, we studied the production of plasminogen-dependent, fibrinolytic activity by postsurgical macrophages. Peritoneal exudate macrophages were collected from rabbits after resection and reanastomosis of their ileum. Intracellular plasminogen activator (PA) activity of resident (nonsurgical) macrophages was 8.4 +/- 1.8 milli-Plough units (mPU)/10(6) cells. Postsurgical Day 1 macrophages had significantly less activity (0.33 +/- 0.056 mPU/10(6) cells) compared to resident cells. Thereafter, the PA activity gradually increased and reached control levels by Postsurgical Day 7. The PA activity secreted by postsurgical macrophages into serum-free medium after 48 hr of culture was also determined. Conditioned medium from macrophages collected on Postoperative Days 1-5 exhibited less PA activity than buffer controls. PA activity was detected after acid treatment of the conditioned medium to remove acid-labile inhibitors. The activities of PA in acid-treated conditioned medium increased gradually and reached nonsurgical levels by Postsurgical Day 7. In spent medium from macrophages collected on Postsurgical Days 1-3, high levels of urokinase inhibitory activities were secreted; production gradually decreased during the later postoperative period. This inhibitory activity of macrophage-conditioned medium on urokinase-like PA activity was partially diminished by acidification of the media. These results support the hypothesis that macrophages in the postsurgical exudate may play an important role in the fibrinolytic process during peritoneal wound healing, perhaps through production and secretion of plasminogen activator as well as acid-labile and resistant protease inhibitors.
Animals↗
Modulation of proline and glucosamine incorporation into tissue repair cells by peritoneal macrophages.
The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine incorporation by tissue repair cells (TRC) as modulated by postsurgical macrophages. Rabbits underwent a midline laparotomy followed by resection (2.0 cm) and reanastomosis of their ileum. Another group of rabbits underwent peritoneal wall abrasion with sterile gauze until punctate bleeding developed. Postoperative (1-28 days) exudate cells (PEC) were recovered from the peritoneal cavity after reanastomosis, and (TRC) were obtained directly from the injured peritoneal surface after abrasion. Since the postsurgical exudate was composed mainly of macrophages, we examined the effect of postsurgical macrophage-spent media on the incorporation of [14C]proline, [14C]glucosamine, and [3H]thymidine by TRC. After 7 days of culture, Postsurgical Day 7 TRC were incubated with spent media from postsurgical PEC (greater than 90% macrophages). When TRC were cultured with macrophage-spent media, the number of TRC increased significantly compared to that of fresh medium-treated controls. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine by TRC was also enhanced by macrophage-spent media. The incorporation of [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine by TRC was also enhanced when incubated with macrophage-spent medium. However, when data were expressed on a per cell basis, incorporation of [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine by TRC cultured with macrophage-spent media was the same or less than that by cells incubated with fresh medium. These data suggest that the increase in incorporation of glucosamine and proline into connective tissue protein by postsurgical repair cells may be directly modulated by macrophages recruited in response to surgical injury and that this increase is due to the fibroproliferative effect of postsurgical macrophages.
Animals↗
Molecular cloning of a feline leukemia provirus integrated adjacent to the c-myc gene in a feline T-cell leukemia cell line and the unique structure of its long terminal repeat.
This paper reports the molecular cloning of a rearranged c-myc region from the FT-1 cell line, which was derived from a spontaneous feline T-cell leukemia carrying the feline leukemia virus (FeLV). An abnormal c-myc EcoRI fragment of about 18 kilobases, detected by Southern blotting, was molecularly cloned from the DNA of the FT-1 cell line. The c-myc rearrangement in FT-1 was due to direct integration of the FeLV provirus genome immediately upstream of the c-myc gene in the opposite transcriptional orientation. Nucleotide sequencing showed that the LTR of this provirus had three copies of an enhancer-like sequence, unlike the sequences of FeLVs reported previously, which have only a single copy of this enhancer-like sequence.
Base Sequence↗
Genomic divergence of HIV-2 from Ghana.
Genetic variability in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been studied extensively, but the total nucleotide sequence of the HIV-2 genome has been reported only in two strains. For phylogenetic analyses of HIV, the genetic variability of HIV-2 should be investigated. This paper reports the complete nucleotide sequence of an HIV-2 isolate from Ghana, HIV-2[GH-1]. This virus showed approximately 85% homology in overall nucleotide sequence with HIV-2ROD. The amino acid sequence of the gag and pol proteins of HIV-2[GH-1] showed 90% homology with those of HIV-2ROD, but its env gene and central regions were highly variable (more than 20% divergence in amino acids), indicating the presence of extensive genetic heterogeneity in HIV-2. However, the sequences with specific functions were relatively well conserved in these HIV-2 isolates.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Mitogenic and protein synthetic activity of tissue repair cells: control by the postsurgical macrophage.
It is well known that fibroblasts are a main source of extracellular matrix synthesis necessary for tissue repair. In addition, macrophages secrete products that are known to modulate synthesis of extracellular matrix. Accordingly, we studied the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]proline, and [35S]sulfate into macromolecules produced by fibroblasts recovered from the site of peritoneal tissue repair cultured with and without spent media from postsurgical peritoneal macrophages. Rabbits underwent resection and reanastomosis of their small intestines. Peritoneal exudative cells (PEC) were then collected on postsurgical day 5 and day 10 as well as from nonsurgical controls, separated by discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation, and cultured for 48 h. A second group of rabbits underwent peritoneal wall abrasion from which fibroblast tissue repair cells (TRC) were collected from the site of injury at postsurgical day 7 and maintained in culture for varying times. Incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into DNA, collagen, and sulfated proteoglycans was determined. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]proline into untreated TRC gradually decreased with culture duration. Conversely, [35S]sulfate incorporation gradually increased during prolonged culture. Macrophage spent media increased the levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by the TRC. [3H]Proline and [35S]sulfate incorporation into TRC were also stimulated by macrophage spent media. However, this stimulation may be due to the enhanced proliferation of TRC by macrophage spent media. In conclusion, tissue repair fibroblasts are activated for postsurgical repair at the site of injury by many factors including secretory products from postsurgical macrophages.
Animals↗
Genetic analysis and infection of SIVAGM and SIVMND.
Recently, the authors determined the partial sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the mandrill (SIVMND) and found SIVMND to be a new member of the HIV/SIV group, equidistant from other members, including SIVAGM. Experimentally, the African green monkey and cynomolgus monkey could be infected with SIVAGM and the cottontop tamarin with SIVMND. However, no clinical sign of an AIDS-like disease was observed in these monkeys.
Animals↗
[A case of double primary cancer of lung and trachea].
A 57-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with bloody sputum, whose right lung had been resected for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung three and a half years ago. Tomographic examinations and chest CT films showed the presence of tracheal tumor. Histological examinations of the biopsy specimen obtained from tracheal tumor, using bronchofiberscopy, identified squamous cell carcinoma. Trachea was resected in the length of six cartilages and end to end anastomosis was performed. Though lung cancer and tracheal cancer were same histological type, clinical findings confirmed that this case was double primary cancer. Postoperative course was uneventful except for minor leakage of anastomosis site.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
[Effect of myocardial preservation and preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure upon the early postsurgical cardiac function after prosthetic cardiac valve replacement].
We investigated the effect of myocardial preservation and preoperative stroke work index (SWI) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) upon the early postsurgical kinetics of left ventricular function in thirty-four patients after prosthetic cardiac valve replacement. They received both-sided cardiac catheterization and measurement of cardiac output by dye dilution method in a standard fashion. Myocardial temperature was measured simultaneously and consecutively during aortic cross-clamping period (greater than 70 min) on open heart surgery. Thereafter, each postsurgical left ventricular function was estimated at three, six, twenty-four and forty-eight hours after weaning from cadiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by using Swan-Ganz catheter. SWI0 X 1000/AnI was used as an improved index of postsurgical cardiac function, because it was incorporated with the preoperative left ventricular stroke work index (SWI0) and anoxic index (AnI), which was the integral of myocardial temperature during aortic cross-clamping period. Otherwise, we regarded LVEDP as an estimate of preoperative cardiac function. So we compared them with the early postsurgical left ventricular SWI, respectively. As a result, the relation between SWI0 and the postsurgical SWI (SWI24 and SWI48) showed positive correlations with correlation coefficients 0.52 and 0.70, and the relation between AnI and the early postsurgical SWI (SWI3 and SWI6) showed negative correlations with correlation coefficients -0.56 and -0.52. While the relation between SWI0 X 1000/AnI and postsurgical SWI (from SWI0 to SWI48) showed positive correlations with correlation coefficients decreasing from 0.76 to 0.57. LVEDP showed negative correlations to SWI0 and SWI48 with correlation coefficients -0.48 and -0.45.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
[Increased lipid peroxides generation and calcium fluxes in hearts during reperfusion].
To investigate the evidence for free radical generation and calcium influx as reperfusion injury, we studied the time course of lipid peroxides generation and calcium content in hearts during reperfusion. The study was performed in patients who had valve or coronary disease, and underwent open heart surgery. Lipid peroxides activity in plasma during reperfusion showed a significant (p less than 0.01) rise to a peak on 5 minutes of reperfusion (1.45 +/- 0.07 nmol/ml; mean +/- sem) compared to the level before reperfusion (1.37 +/- 0.07 nmol/ml) (n = 20). The lipid peroxides generation well correlated with aortic cross-clamp time (r = 0.6384, p less than 0.01). On the other hand, the atrial calcium content after 5-10 minutes of reperfusion was 118.5 +/- 14.9% of the level before cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 15), calcium/magnesium was 124.5 +/- 8.9% (p less than 0.05). That increase ratio well correlated with aortic crossclamp time (r = 0.5948, p less than 0.05). These results have produced evidence of increased oxidant activity and calcium influx in hearts during reperfusion. These results suggested that abnormal lipid peroxidation happened during reperfusion, and these peroxidation of the cell membrane might cause the membrane damage and then calcium influx.
Adult↗
[Comparison of cold blood cardioplegia and cold crystalloid cardioplegia with or without magnesium].
Blood cardioplegia has recently been advocated as a superior method of myocardial protection, but its temperature is important, and it has not been compared to a magnesium containing crystalloid cardioplegia. This study was undertaken to compare the protective effect of cold blood cardioplegia (BCP) and cold crystalloid cardioplegia with or without magnesium (MgKCP and KCP). Fourty-five patients were undertaken prosthetic cardiac valve replacement with left ventricular volume overload from valvular regurgitation. They were divided into three groups for the difference of the cardioplegic solution. Intraoperatively, myocardial temperature and the tissue PCO2 was monitored, and the content of calcium and magnesium of right atrium was measured before and after aortic cross clamping. Postoperatively, left ventricular stroke work index and serum CPK-MB isozyme activity were measured at 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. The increase of the tissue PCO2 during aortic cross clamping and its recovery at ten minutes after reperfusion were significantly suppressed in BCP. The retension of the tissue calcium after reperfusion and calcium to magnesium ratio were significantly low in MgKCP. The recovery of cardiac pump function and decrease of CPK-MB were superior in MgKCP.
Cardioplegic Solutions↗
[Effect of magnesium containing cardioplegic solution on the cases of extended aortic cross clamping].
We have investigated about the preservation of myocardium using magnesium containing cardioplegic solution. In this study we have concluded that magnesium containing cardioplegic solution is effective especially in the cases of extended Aortic cross clamping. 91 cases were availed for studying the post-operative cardiac function, and 32 cases of which were availed for seeking the content of calcium and magnesium of the myocardium. GK-Mg solution was superior in the post-operative cardiac function, and in the total CPK-MB. The retention of calcium in the myocardium after Ao declamping was higher in the cases of using GK solution. And Ca.Mg ratio was also higher in GK solution. Especially in the cases of extended Ao cross clamping, increase of calcium in the myocardium and Ca.Mg ratio was suppressed by using the GK.Mg solution. Although magnesium have several effects on the myocardium, but we think that suppressing the influx of calcium into the myocardium is one of the most important factor of the magnesium for the preservation of myocardium.
Aorta↗
Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, a new member of the HIV/SIV group.
Some wild African green monkeys are known to be naturally infected with a retrovirus related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) without having any apparent symptoms of an AIDS-like disease. This simian immunodeficiency virus, designated SIVAGM, may be helpful in clarifying the evolution and pathogenicity of HIV. Some virus strains that were previously reported to be isolated from African green monkeys were shown to be laboratory contaminations of SIVMAC (SIV from a rhesus macaque) Here we report the complete DNA sequence of authentic SIVAGM, which was isolated from a naturally infected African green monkey of Kenyan origin. Comparison of the genome of SIVAGM with those of known HIV/SIVs indicates that the virus is a new simian lentivirus that is approximately equally distantly related to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in contrast to SIVMAC, which is much closer to HIV-2 than to HIV-1 (refs 5, 9).
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Myocardial tissue pCO2 and calcium content during ventricular fibrillation and reperfusion periods.
Forty-one patients who underwent cardiac surgery under conditions of systemic hypothermia and intermittent cold crystalloid potassium cardioplegia were studied, in order to elucidate the effects of ventricular fibrillation and reperfusion on the myocardium, by using the intramyocardial pCO2 and temperature sensor. All patients were assigned to 2 groups, namely; group A (21 cases), in which the time between the aorta declamping and defibrillation was under 10 minutes, and group B (20 cases) in which the time was over 10 minutes. In both groups A and B, myocardial pCO2 increased at the rate of 3.58 +/- 1.70 and 2.16 +/- 0.62 mmHg/min (p less than 0.05) after aorta declamping, respectively and the myocardial pCO2 decreased at the rate of 5.59 +/- 0.60 and 4.18 +/- 0.76 mmHg/min (p less than 0.05) after defibrillation, respectively. In group A, the myocardial calcium content, pre-CPB (cardio pulmonary bypass) was 10.98 +/- 1.62 nmol/mg/dry weight and at the time of aorta declamping it was 15.90 +/- 1.81 nmol/mg/dry weight (p less than 0.05). In group B, the myocardial calcium content, pre-CPB, was 14.62 +/- 2.15 nmol/mg/dry weight and at the time of aorta declamping it was 18.23 +/- 4.36 nmol/mg/dry weight (p less than 0.05). At both three and six hours after the operation, the left ventricular work index per minute (LVWI) in group A showed better cardiac pump function than that in group B. We therefore conclude that when reperfusion is encountered, acidosis can be minimized by prompt defibrillation.
Body Temperature↗
Superoxide anion production by postsurgical macrophages.
In order to characterize further the metabolic activity of postsurgical macrophages, we examined their potential to produce superoxide anion (O2-) in response to phorbol myristate acetate. Rabbits underwent resection and reanastomosis of their ileum after which peritoneal exudative cells (PEC) were collected at various times after surgery. Macrophages were isolated from the PEC with a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Thereafter, O2- release by these cells in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was determined by cytochrome c reduction. Macrophages recovered on postsurgical Days 3-7 expressed three- to fourfold greater O2- release than resident (nonsurgical) macrophages (P less than 0.001). In a time-course study of O2- release, maximum release occurred at 6 hr postsurgery, dropped to half of peak levels by Day 1, increased to peak levels again on Day 4, and remained increased until Day 7. The ability of macrophages to release O2- than gradually decreased, reaching control levels by Day 13. These data suggest that resident peritoneal macrophages are rapidly primed to produce enhanced amounts of superoxide anion in response to appropriate stimuli after surgery, and that macrophages subsequently recruited into the peritoneal cavity as a result of surgical trauma may also be primed for enhanced O2- release as they differentiate into modulator macrophages for tissue repair.
Animals↗
Incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts: evidence for complex regulation by postsurgical macrophages.
Macrophages and fibroblasts are major components of the postsurgical repair process. In order to understand more fully the interaction between these two cell types, we studied the modulation by macrophages of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into postsurgical fibroblasts recovered from the site of peritoneal injury. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC):(greater than 95% macrophages) were collected from rabbits 4 and 7 days after resection and reanastomosis of the small intestine. PEC were suspended in Medium 199 (M-199) with 3% fetal calf serum (FCS) and incubated for 48 hr. Fibroblasts were obtained from rabbits that underwent abrasion of the parietal peritoneum 7 days previously, and were cultured for 7 days in M-199 with 3% FCS. Fibroblasts were then replated and incubated with macrophage-spent medium. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into fibroblasts was significantly suppressed after 24 hr of incubation with macrophage-spent media compared to the incorporation by fibroblasts incubated with fresh medium (control). This suppression was most profound when fibroblasts were incubated with resident (nonsurgical) macrophage-spent medium. The incorporation of thymidine by macrophage-spent media groups then increased rapidly and reached control levels at 48 hr of incubation. After 54 hr of incubation, the incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts incubated with media from postsurgical macrophages was significantly higher than that of control. Morphological changes in fibroblasts also appeared as the culture with macrophage-spent media progressed. Initially, fibroblasts were shaped like pine needles, but after 7 days of culture, fibroblasts assumed a spherical shape. Round-shaped fibroblasts returned to the original morphology (pine needle shape) after incubation for 48 hr with macrophage-spent medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗