Biomedical subjects

M Granström

Publications and source records attributed to M Granström.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Immunoglobulin E responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids after booster with aluminium-adsorbed and fluid DT-vaccines.

Immunoglobulin E responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were investigated in pre- and postbooster samples of 104 children given, at 10 years of age, a DT booster with either an adsorbed (n = 51) or a non-adsorbed, fluid vaccine (n = 53). Vaccination with adsorbed DT is part of a national immunisation programme and represents the first regular booster given to these children, primarily immunised with three doses of adsorbed DT at age 3-6 months. The vaccines, with a content of 30 Lf of diphtheria toxoid and 7.5 Lf of tetanus toxoid per millilitre, were given for booster in a dose of 0.25 ml as a deep subcutaneous injection. In the prebooster samples, 3 and 14% had measurable IgE to diphtheria and tetanus, respectively. These rates rose to 94 and 92% in the postbooster samples, respectively. The median (range) of IgE to tetanus among recipients of the adsorbed vaccine was 0.59 PRU ml-1 (< 0.1-17.5), as compared to 0.27 (< 0.1-8.22) in the recipients of the fluid vaccine (p = 0.027). The median IgE response to diphtheria toxoid in the whole group was 1.8 (< 0.1-17.5), with no significant difference between the two vaccines (p = 0.76). There was no correlation between the IgE and IgG responses (r < 0.07, p > 0.5) but the two IgE responses as well as the ratios of IgG/IgE showed strong correlations (r > 0.7, p < 0.001). The study thus revealed unexpectedly high rates of IgE responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in a regular DT booster vaccination programme, which were associated to high rates of local side effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1995

Influence of high titers of maternal antibody on the serologic response of infants to diphtheria vaccination at three, five and twelve months of age.

Diphtheria antitoxin was determined in serum from 44 pregnant women, of whom 26 had received one injection of diphtheria toxoid during pregnancy. Their infants were vaccinated with a combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccine at 3, 5 and 12 months of age. This vaccination schedule has been used in Sweden since 1986, replacing the old schedule of vaccination at 3, 4.5 and 6 months of age originally designed for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, which had not been used after cessation of general vaccination against pertussis in 1979. Serum samples from the infants were obtained at 3, 7 and 18 months of age. After 2 injections infants of mothers with high antitoxin titers, > or = 0.1 IU/ml, tended to have lower antitoxin titers than infants of mothers with low antitoxin concentrations (P = 0.067). All children had, however, antitoxin above the minimum protective level of 0.01 IU/ml. Median antitoxin titers were 1.6 IU/ml in both groups after the third booster injection. Four infants of mothers who had been vaccinated during pregnancy and who had titers of > or = 0.4 IU/ml did not reach the 0.1 IU/ml level after 2 injections: all 4 responded with high antitoxin titers after the third dose. Thus all infants were primed by 2 doses of vaccine, irrespective of maternal antibody concentration. The repressive effect of maternal antibody on titers noted after 2 doses was no longer observed after the third, booster dose.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1995

Monitoring of endotoxin, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein serum concentrations in neutropenic patients with fever.

Serum endotoxin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were serially determined in 26 patients with hematological malignancies and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia who developed fever. Endotoxin in serum was detected in 69% of the patients, with the highest values being recorded in patients with gram-negative (Gr-) bacteremia. High levels of IL-6 were found after start of fever, and in 6/9 patients with Gr- bacteremia levels exceeded 200 ng/l in samples drawn within the first 72 hours. However, only in 2/17 patients with gram-positive bacteremias and blood culture-negative fever episodes did IL-6 exceed this concentration (p < 0.05). High CRP values (exceeding 100 mg/l) did not discriminate between Gr- and non-Gr- episodes (7/9 versus 10/17, respectively). In patients with fever at day 3-5 (n = 15), IL-6 values > 100 ng/l were associated with fever continuing for more than 7 days after start of the episode; contrarily, CRP values did not indicate the persistence of fever. Determination of IL-6 may be a better test than CRP in monitoring the acute response to infection in the neutropenic patient. A combination of high endotoxin and IL-6 values may indicate a Gr- bacteremia. This could have therapeutic implications before results of blood cultures are obtained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based inhibition test for neutralizing antibodies to polioviruses as an alternative to the neutralization test in tissue culture.

A poliovirus-binding inhibition test (PoBI test) was established for the quantitative determination of antibodies to polioviruses and was evaluated in comparison with the conventional neutralization test (NT). The first step of the PoBI test is an incubation of serial dilutions of test samples with inactivated poliovirus followed by the detection of free viral epitopes by a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with type-specific capture polyclonal antisera and type-specific neutralizing monoclonal indicator antibodies. A comparison of the PoBI test with the conventional NT for antibodies to all three types in 100 human serum samples showed excellent correlations (r > 0.95) over a wide range of antibody concentrations. The PoBI test, not necessitating live virus and tissue culture facilities, could be a simple alternative to the NT, and the principle of the assay is potentially applicable to other microbial systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Adverse reactions after diphtheria-tetanus booster in 10-year-old schoolchildren in relation to the type of vaccine given for the primary vaccination.

This prospective open study investigated adverse reactions in 527 schoolchildren to a diphtheria-tetanus (DT) booster given within a national vaccination programme at 10 years of age. Evaluation was based on those whose immunization records showed that they had received either three doses of an adsorbed DT vaccine (n = 388) or a non-adsorbed DT-pertussis vaccine (DTP) (n = 69) for primary series vaccination. No differences in systemic reactions to the booster between the two groups were observed. Local reactions were significantly (p < 0.001) more common 1 day after vaccination in children who had received DT for primary series vaccination: redness, 73% compared with 23%; swelling, 56% versus 15%; and itching, 47% versus 21%. One and 2 weeks after the booster, itching was still more pronounced in the group who had received DT for primary series vaccination (p < 0.001 and 0.014, respectively). The study indicates that there was a real basis for the increase in spontaneous notifications of local side-effects to the school DT booster in Sweden. The most likely cause for the increase seems to be the aluminium adjuvant in the vaccine given for primary vaccination, a late and unexpected consequence of a change in the infant immunization programme.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1994

New roles for quin2: powerful transition-metal ion chelator that inhibits copper-, but potentiates iron-driven, Fenton-type reactions.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether quin2, through its metal chelating properties, could affect copper- or iron-driven Fenton reactions. Chelation of ferric ion with quin2 uniformly strongly enhanced the formation of oxidizing species, detected with the DMSO and deoxyribose assays, both by H2O2 and a mixture of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide produced by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Fe(3+)-EDTA gave the same effects, but lacked reactivity with bolus H2O2 as detected with the DMSO assay. Whereas the formation of oxidizing species with Fe(3+)-EDTA and ferric ions alone were strongly inhibited by superoxide dismutase both in the bolus H2O2 and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase systems, such formation in the presence of Fe(3+)-quin2 either did not decrease or decreased only moderately. Fe(3+)-quin2 also strongly enhanced plasmid DNA strand breakage in the presence of H2O2. Our findings suggest that quin2 as chelator of ferric ion may be a more powerful enhancer of oxidant formation than other chelators so far tested. The formation of oxidizing species from copper ions and bolus H2O2 was found to be fundamentally dependent on the choice of buffer system. We could only detect significant amounts of oxidants in both assays in Hepes buffer, but not in the phosphate, cacodylate or unbuffered systems, which all gave low reactivity in the DMSO assay compared to the deoxyribose assay. Quin2 chelation of cupric ion effectively inhibited the formation of oxidants as well as plasmid DNA strand breakage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aminoquinolines↗

PubMed1994

The role of IgA determination by ELISA in the early serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, in relation to IgG and mu-capture IgM methods.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgA, IgG and IgM was evaluated with sera from 50 adult patients with pneumonia, selected on the basis of a positive complement fixation (CF) test for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and with sera from 105 healthy blood donors. The ELISA antigen for IgG and IgA was a sonicated suspension of M. pneumoniae solubilised by deoxycholate. For the IgM assay, the same antigen was directly conjugated to alkaline phosphatase and used in a mu-capture format. ELISA gave positive results with high or rising titres for one or several antibody classes in 47 (94%) patients. In two of the three ELISA-negative cases, the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection indicated by the CF test seemed unlikely on clinical grounds. Specific IgA antibodies was developed more regularly and more rapidly than IgM. IgA titres also started to decrease earlier than IgM or the late-peaking IgG response. Thus, the determination of IgA antibodies was found to be valuable for the early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection. The study also demonstrated that the determination of all three antibody classes is necessary to obtain an optimal level of serodiagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Immunoglobulin E and G responses to pertussis toxin after booster immunization in relation to atopy, local reactions and aluminium content of the vaccines.

The role of aluminium for IgG and IgE responses to pertussis toxin (PT), as well as for side effects, was investigated in 49 children with known atopy status. Primary immunization had been given with an adsorbed monocomponent or an adsorbed two-component acellular pertussis vaccine. The children were then randomized to receive a booster immunization with either aluminium-adsorbed or non-adsorbed, whole cell, pertussis vaccine. Both vaccines induced good IgG responses with the adsorbed vaccine giving higher post-booster levels (p < 0.05). The adsorbed vaccine was, however, associated with more local side effects (p < 0.05) and tended to induce higher PT-IgE responses than the non-adsorbed vaccine. Furthermore, individuals who had received the two-component vaccine as primary immunization had higher PT-IgE responses after the booster, compared with individuals initially receiving the monocomponent vaccine (p = 0.041). No correlation between PT-IgE and PT-IgG levels was seen in any of the groups. Total serum IgE levels correlated to PT IgE levels, particularly in children with atopy (r = 0.950, p < 0.001). The addition of aluminium to the pertussis vaccine, was, thus, associated with a stronger IgG antibody response, but tended also to induce a stronger IgE antibody response. The correlation between total IgE and PT-IgE, which was most prominent in children with atopy, indicates that the role of immunization for the development of allergy merits further studies.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1994

The role of aluminium for adverse reactions and immunogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus booster vaccine.

In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 235 schoolchildren aged 10 years received either a regular, aluminium-adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus vaccine or the same vaccine in fluid form, in order to investigate if local side effects could be diminished by exclusion of aluminium. System reactions were rare and local reactions frequent in both groups but larger local reactions were even more pronounced in the non-adsorbed vaccine group. Antibody responses to both vaccines were excellent and even slightly higher to the non-adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (p = 0.0135 and 0.0014 for anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus, respectively). This study has shown that fluid diphtheria-tetanus vaccine does not solve the problem of extensive local side effects induced by the diphtheria-tetanus school booster. Alternative strategies, such as changes in vaccine composition, dosage and spacing, will have to be considered.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1994

Effect of erythromycin treatment on antibody responses in pertussis.

The effect of erythromycin treatment on antibody responses to Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxin (PT) was investigated in convalescent blood samples from 105 children with pertussis. Erythromycin had been given to 59 children, median age 3.2 years (range 0.3-9.9) on median day 7 (range 11-14) after onset of disease while the remaining 46 children, age 3.45 (0.6-8.1) were untreated. No significant differences in IgG antibody concentration were noted to FHA by ELISA and to PT, neither by NT nor by ELISA, but a tendency towards lower median titers was seen to both antigens and by both type of assays in the erythromycin-treated group. Similarly, early erythromycin treatment i.e. within 7 days of onset of symptoms, did not influence significantly of the development of the antibody responses but tended to lead to lower titer levels. A significant response to PT and FHA was found in about 90% of blood samples, irrespective of treatment. All 56 children with culture-confirmed B. pertussis infection had a significant response to PT. The study has thus shown a slight but not significant effect of erythromycin treatment on antibody responses in pertussis.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1994

Immune status and booster effects of low doses of tetanus toxoid in Swedish medical personnel.

Of 102 medical staff at a Swedish hospital, 81% had tetanus antitoxin titres > or = 0.01 IU/ml in 1984-85. The unprotected individuals (antitoxin titre < 0.01 IU/ml) were all > 30 years of age. Of this group, one-third lacked a protective antibody level against tetanus toxin. Low booster doses of tetanus toxoid (0.75 or 1.9 Lf) were given to 66 vaccinees with a history of previous basic vaccination and no history of booster vaccination within the previous 5 years. The median titre increased from 0.26 IU/ml before to 3.3 IU/ml after vaccination. Low doses of tetanus toxoid may thus still provide an adequate immune response when given as a booster vaccination to individuals with a reliable history of basic immunization.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Immunoglobulin G antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides and exotoxin A in patients with cystic fibrosis or bacteremia.

IgG antibodies to nine Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and exotoxin A in sera from 11 patients with bacteremia and 51 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were analyzed. The methods used were enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting. Nine of the 11 bacteremic patients were infected with strains expressing an LPS serotype identical to one of the test antigens. In sera from six of these nine patients, antibody homologous to the serotype of the infecting strain was observed. An antibody response to heterologous Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS antigens was observed in nine patients. Eight of the bacteremic patients mounted an antibody response to exotoxin A. Thirty-five CF patients chronically colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa possessed significantly higher levels of antibody to all of the test antigens than 16 patients with intermittent or no colonization (p < 0.001). For exotoxin A and serotype 3 the sensitivity was 91% and 94%, and the specificity 94% and 88% respectively. When the results for exotoxin A and serotype 3 were combined, the sensitivity was 91% while the specificity was 81%. The pronounced antibody response to heterologous LPS antigens, as measured by the EIA and immunoblot, suggests expression of a common antigen determinant. A simplified serological assay utilizing exotoxin A and serotype 3 as test antigens may be useful for detecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with CF and chronic colonization and in bacteremic patients from whom cultures are not available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Serological correlates in whooping cough.

Antibody concentrations to three Bordetella pertussis antigens in 94 predisease samples from women who, within a median of 220 days, developed culture-confirmed whooping cough were compared to antibodies in samples from matched controls. The median IgG antibody levels were significantly lower to all three antigens, pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, in the predisease samples of cases as compared to non-cases (p values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.01). A significant difference in antibody distribution was, however, found only to pertussis toxin, measured either by ELISA or by a neutralization test (p values of 0.0004 and 0.007, respectively). The results could be interpreted as meaning that antibodies to the different antigens all participate in protection against disease but that antibodies to pertussis toxin play a major role.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1993

Helicobacter pylori in 205 consecutive endoscopy patients.

The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric, antral mucosa of 205 consecutive, unselected gastroscopy patients was investigated by 1-3 biopsies for urea broth test and culture, 1 biopsy for histological examination and 1 blood sample for serology by ELISA. Overall, 41% were positive for H. pylori by culture, 32% by urea broth test, 24% by histological staining and 67%, 56% and 49% for the 3 cut-off limits applied to serology. Culture and serology indicated the presence of H. pylori in 79-92% of the 14 cases with duodenal ulcer, in 59-82% of the 28 cases with gastric ulcers, in 45-71% of the 51 cases with endoscopic gastritis and in 33-69% of 13 cases with oesophagitis. In patients with histological antritis, H. pylori was identified by culture in 71% (60/84), by serology in 95%, 88% and 81% with the different cut-off limits. The sensitivity of serology ranged from 99-78% depending on the cut-off limits and the specificity from 78-100% against all parameters combined. These results suggest that serology is a useful screening method for the presence of H. pylori. Future antibiotic treatment studies are required to evaluate the clinical relevance of H. pylori in gastrointestinal disease and to investigate the possibility to monitor eradication by serology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Clinical manifestations and antibody prevalence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden: a study in five endemic areas close to Stockholm.

Five populations, including 903 individuals living in 5 different areas close to Stockholm, were studied with regard to clinical manifestations and antibody prevalence of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The study areas involved 4 groups of islands in the Baltic Sea and 1 island in Lake Mälaren. Serum samples from each individual were tested for antibody activity to Borrelia burgdorferi using a sonicated whole spirochete antigen in an ELISA, and to TBE-virus (TBEV) by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition. A history of LB was reported by 1-21% and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi were found in 7-29% of the participants from the various areas. An increasing seroprevalence with age was seen. In sera from 3 different control groups, including 502 individuals living in non-endemic areas, antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi were detected in 1-2% and from 1 control group including 150 individuals living in the city of Stockholm, in 9%. A history of TBE was reported by 0-6% of the individuals and in non-immunized individuals seropositivity was seen in 4-22%, depending on the area investigated. No antibody activity to TBEV could be detected in sera from persons in the 3 control groups living in non-endemic areas, whereas 5% of the controls from Stockholm were found to be positive. The prevalence rates of antibodies to TBEV in persons vaccinated against TBE were 40%, 53% and 79% after 1, 2 and 3 injections, respectively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Antibody prevalence and clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in Swedish orienteers.

Antibody prevalence and clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were studied in 362 orienteers from the county of Stockholm during a large relay race in October 1990. From all participating orienteers, a blood sample was collected and a questionnaire completed. Antibody activity to Borrelia burgdorferi was measured using a sonicated whole spirochete antigen in an ELISA, and to TBE virus (TBEV) by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A past history of LB was reported by 6% of the orienteers and antibodies to B. burgdorferi were found in 9%. Antibody reactivity to B. burgdorferi was found in 1-2% of the sera from 3 different control groups comprising 502 persons living in non-endemic areas. The corresponding value was 9% in sera from a fourth control group consisting of 150 persons living in the city of Stockholm. A past history of TBE was reported by 1 orienteer (0.3%) and detectable antibodies to TBEV in non-immunized individuals were found in 1%. No antibody activity to TBEV could be detected in sera from the control individuals living in the 3 non-endemic areas, but in 5% of the controls from Stockholm. In this study, there was no indication that frequent or severe manifestations of LB or TBE are common among orienteers in Sweden.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Mutagenic analysis of the promoter of the Streptomyces fradiae beta-lactamase-encoding gene.

The Streptomyces fradiae beta-lactamase promoter (PblaF) was sequenced and characterized by promoter probing, primer extension, and exonuclease III-mediated deletions. The transcription start point (tsp) was the same in both S. lividans and S. fradiae. Oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed random mutations and site-specific mutations were introduced in the promoter region. The effects of these mutations on transcription were assayed by an RNA colony hybridization method. This analysis identified cis-acting sequence determinants located similarly to the -10 and -35 regions of a typical Escherichia coli promoter. Also, a change in the distance between these regions from 19 to 17 bp drastically reduced promoter activity. PblaF was shown not to be recognized by sigma-whiG or by sigma-hrdA, hrdC, or hrdD. Sequence alignment of PblaF to sigma factor-classified Streptomyces promoters revealed little homology. Thus, PblaF is probably recognized by an as yet unidentified sigma factor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Two-year survey of the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a high-risk population in Sweden.

A survey was made over a two-year period (September 1987 to August 1989) of a population living in an area endemic for Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden. For each patient a blood sample was collected and a questionnaire completed annually. All sera were tested for an antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi in an EIA using sonicated antigen and for an antibody response to the tick-borne encephalitis virus using an EIA and a haemagglutination inhibition test. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus were detected in 89 (25.7%) and 40 (11.6%) respectively of 346 samples collected in August 1987. In the first year of the study 14 of 303 subjects (4.6%) developed Lyme borreliosis and in the second year 9 of 277 subjects (3.2%). A significant increase in the antibody titre for Borrelia burgdorferi was seen in 14 of 303 (4.6%) subjects in the first year and 8 of 277 (2.9%) subjects in the second year. An earlier episode of Lyme borreliosis or an elevated antibody titre did not seem to protect against reinfection. One case of tick-borne encephalitis was seen each year. Seroconversion for tick-borne encephalitis virus was found in 3 of 258 (1.2%) subjects in the first year and 5 of 211 (2.4%) in the second year, excluding subjects who had undergone successful immunisation or had earlier been hospitalised for tick-borne encephalitis. The study thus demonstrated a high yearly incidence of tick-borne infections in a population at risk.

Adolescent↗