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Biomedical subjects

M Iwase

Publications and source records attributed to M Iwase.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Identification and functional role of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in primate and rodent: in vivo versus isolated myocytes.

We determined the relationship between the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in isolated myocytes and their physiological responsiveness in chronically instrumented conscious baboons and rats. In conscious baboons, isoproterenol (ISO) (0.02 microgram/kg) increased left ventricular (LV) dP/dt by 89 +/- 6.7% from 2898 +/- 370 mmHg/s and only by 13 +/- 3.3% from 2491 +/- 146 mmHg/s after beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade, indicating that the predominant physiological response was mediated by beta 1-adrenergic receptors. Decreases in mean arterial pressure (-11 +/- 0.5 mmHg v -16 +/- 4.6 mmHg) and coronary vascular resistance (-3.1 +/- 0.4 v -3.6 +/- 0.4 mmHg/ml/min) induced by ISO were not different before and after beta 1-blockade, indicating that beta 2-adrenergic receptors were not blocked. In conscious rats, ISO (0.4 microgram/kg) increased LV dP/dt by 50 +/- 4.9% from 13252 +/- 2002 mmHg/s and only by 10 +/- 3.9% from 10793 +/- 1364 mmHg/s after beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade: whereas decreases in mean arterial pressure induced by ISO were not different before and after beta 1-blockade (-19 +/- 2.4 mmHg v -16 +/- 2.2 mmHg), i.e. very consistent with the physiological responses in baboons. In vitro studies of isolated myocytes, using radioligand binding with 125I-cyanopindolol (125I-cyp) and the subtype beta 1-selective antagonist betaxolol and the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118551 indicated that the beta 1/beta 2 ratio of rat myocytes was 92/8: whereas baboon myocytes were more equally distributed (59/41). Thus, in both species the preponderance of effects of ISO on ventricular function was beta 1-adrenergic receptor mediated, which is consistent with the beta 1/beta 2 ratio in rat myocytes but not in baboon myocytes, where a significant fraction of beta 2-adrenergic receptors does not appear to exert an effect on conctractility in vivo.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1996

Association between a polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and microvascular complications in Japanese patients with NIDDM.

The relationship between diabetic nephropathy and an insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is still under debate. The association of ACE gene polymorphism with nephropathy and retinopathy was therefore examined in 362 Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 105 healthy control subjects. Distribution of the ACE genotype did not differ between healthy control subjects and diabetic patients without complications. However, the frequency of the D allele was significantly higher in the diabetic subjects with nephropathy than in those without (0.32 in normoalbuminuric patients vs 0.44 in albuminuria patients with albuminuria) (chi 2 = 7.7; p = 0.006). There was no significant association between ACE genotype and retinopathy. These observations thus demonstrate a significant association of the ACE gene polymorphism with nephropathy, but not with retinopathy, in Japanese patients with NIDDM.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

New display methods of combined topographic EEG and cerebral blood flow images in the evaluation of cerebral ischemia.

To evaluate complicated changes in the EEG and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cerebral infarction, EEG was recorded under various blood pressure levels, during CBF measurement with positron emission tomography, in patients with chronic cerebral infarction. Newly developed display methods which combine topographic EEG and its significance probability mapping with CBF, clearly provided objective measures of changes in EEG parameters and CBF, during induced hypo- and hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Effect of glycated collagen on proliferation of human smooth muscle cells in vitro.

While non-enzymatic glycation of long-lived tissue proteins such as collagen has been implicated in chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, its role in the aetiology of diabetic macroangiopathy has not been elucidated. To test the hypothesis that glycation of collagen abolishes the inhibitory effect of native collagen on the proliferation of human smooth muscle cells, we obtained smooth muscle cells from human gastric arteries and cultured them on dishes coated with glycated or non-glycated collagen. The proliferation of human smooth muscle cells in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum or platelet derived growth factor-BB (10 ng/ml) was inhibited by type 1 collagen coated on the dishes. Glycation of collagen with glucose 6-phosphate for 7 days abolished the growth-inhibitory effect of native collagen. Succinylation of collagen, which like glycation blocked the lysyl residues in collagen, also abolished the growth-inhibitory effect. Adhesion of human smooth muscle cells to collagen-coated dishes was not affected by glycation of collagen. Addition of glycated albumin to the medium did not affect the growth of human smooth muscle cells on plastic dishes. The inhibition of human smooth muscle cell proliferation by collagen was not reversed by the glycation of collagen in the presence of aminoguanidine. Results suggest that early glycation abolishes the inhibitory effect of collagen on human smooth muscle cell proliferation and may thus participate in the progression of macro-angiopathy in diabetes.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1996

Effect of gonadectomy on the development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and albuminuria in the rat model.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) given streptozotocin (STZ) neonatally developed genetic hypertension and overt hyperglycemia after the onset of puberty. In the present study, gonadectomy was performed before puberty in both males and females of this animal model. Orchidectomy suppressed the development of hypertension in vehicle-treated and STZ-treated SHR (systolic blood pressure at 11 weeks of age: 209 +/- 5 mm Hg in the intact vehicle group v 187 +/- 6 mm Hg in the orchidectomized vehicle group, P < .01; 211 +/- 14 mm Hg in the intact STZ group v 182 +/- 4 mm Hg in the orchidectomized STZ group, P < .001). Furthermore, orchidectomy ameliorated the development of overt hyperglycemia in STZ-treated SHR (nonfasting plasma glucose at 12 weeks of age: 22.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/L in the intact group v 16.1 +/- 2.4 mmol/L in the orchidectomized group, P < .05). On the other hand, orchidectomy did not affect glucose tolerance in vehicle-treated SHR, but attenuated the insulin response to an oral glucose load (P < .05). Orchidectomy significantly decreased urinary albumin excretion and kidney weight in both the vehicle and the STZ groups. Ovariectomy significantly increased body weight gain irrespective of STZ treatment. However, ovariectomy had no effect on hypertension, hyperglycemia, albuminuria, or kidney weight in either vehicle or STZ groups. This study demonstrated that gonadectomy had protective effects against development of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and albuminuria in males but not in females. This suggests that sex hormones may be important as a link between diabetes mellitus and hypertension in males.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1996

Impaired response of left ventricular relaxation to exercise-induced adrenergic stimulation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of adrenergic stimulation on left ventricular relaxation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced decreases in acceleration of left ventricular relaxation have been observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, data on sequential changes in left ventricular relaxation during exercise are limited. METHODS: We measured right (fluid filled) and left (high fidelity micromanometer) ventricular pressures during moderate supine ergometer exercise and during rapid right atrial pacing in four groups of patients: 9 with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 9 with moderate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 10 with hypertension and moderate hypertrophy and 5 control subjects. RESULTS: There was a curvilinear relation between the time constant of relaxation (tau) and heart rate in all groups during exercise. There was no difference in the slope of this relation between the two hypertrophic cardiomyopathy subgroups. Although the slope of this relation between tau and heart rate was steeper in the hypertensive than the moderate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy group (p < 0.001, analysis of covariance), the decrease in tau during right atrial pacing was similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of catecholamines at rest or at peak exercise among groups or in maximal heart rate during pacing. CONCLUSIONS: Pacing-induced changes in tau in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were similar to those in hypertensive hypertrophy, but remarkable decrease in exercise-induced acceleration of tau were observed only in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Our results may indicate a depressed left ventricular relaxation response to exercise-induced adrenergic stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Innate protection of baboon myocardium: effects of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion.

To determine whether the extent of myocardial infarction differs in conscious baboons and pigs, both devoid of performed collaterals, the effects of 40 and 90 min of coronary artery (CA) occlusion (O) both followed by 4-7 days of CA reperfusion (R) were examined in both species. CAO reduced subendocardial and subepicardial blood flows similarly, almost to zero, in baboons and pigs for the entire CAO period. At 24 h of CAR, subendocardial blood flow had almost returned to pre-CAO control levels in baboons but remained significantly depressed in pigs. The major difference in hemodynamics during CAO and CAR was in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, which rose by 6 +/- 1 mmHg in pigs over the initial 24-h reperfusion period but did not change significantly in baboons. These data on recovery of subendocardial blood flow and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure suggest larger infarcts in pigs than in baboons. Indeed, infarct size expressed as a function of area at risk (IF/AAR) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in pigs (53 +/- 4.9%) than in baboons (17 +/- 2.9%) with 90 min of CAO and 4-7 days of CAR. With 40 min of CAO and 4-7 days of CAR, IF/AAR was 46 +/- 3.6% in pigs, whereas in baboons the IF/AAR was minimal, i.e., 2 +/- 0.6%. Thus pigs and baboons were characterized by minimal coronary collateral circulation, but infarct size was significantly less in conscious baboons than in conscious pigs. Potentially, these differences could be explained, in part, by natural protective mechanisms and/or less reperfusion injury in primates. These results in primates may also help explain the salutary effects of CAR in patients at intervals longer than have been demonstrated to be beneficial in other experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Neurally mediated cardiac effects of forskolin in conscious dogs.

Because major cardiovascular disease states are characterized by defects in adenylyl cyclase regulation, it becomes important to understand the mechanisms by which adenylyl cyclase activators affect inotropy and chronotropy in intact conscious animals. Accordingly, we examined the inotropic and chronotropic responses to forskolin in 11 normal conscious, chronically instrumented dogs and 3 dogs with ventricular denervation (VD). Left ventricular first derivative of pressure (LV dP/dt) increased by 96 +/- 7%, P < 0.05, in response to forskolin (50 nmol.kg-1.min-1) in normal dogs and by significantly less, 52 +/- 14%, in VD dogs. Circulating norepinephrine (NE) levels increased similarly in both groups (from 226 +/- 18 to 389 +/- 33 pg/ml in normal dogs, from 177 +/- 23 to 329 +/- 71 pg/ml in VD dogs). In the presence of ganglionic blockade, the increase in LV dP/dt in response to forskolin was reduced (+62 +/- 4%) in normal dogs but was unchanged in VD dogs (+52 +/- 12%). Ganglionic blockade abolished the increase in circulating NE levels in both groups. Increases in heart rate in the presence of ganglionic blockade (+54 +/- 6 beats/min) were less than in the presence of atropine alone (+92 +/- 10 beats/min). Notably, the LV dP/dt and heart rate responses to forskolin were further attenuated by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the presence and absence of ganglionic blockade. Morphine also attenuated the increases in both LV dP/dt and plasma NE in response to forskolin. Increases in LV dP/dt in response to NKH-477 (30 micrograms/kg), a water-soluble forskolin derivative, were similar before and after ganglionic blockade (+63 +/- 8 and +51 +/- 10%, respectively). However, in vitro experiments in LV sarcolemmal membrane preparations demonstrated that stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin and NKH-477 was not affected by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. These results indicate that in conscious dogs, inotropic and chronotropic effects of forskolin are not only due to direct activation of adenylyl cyclase, but the effects also are mediated by neural mechanisms and potentiated by the prevailing level of sympathetic tone.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1996

Adverse effects of chronic endogenous sympathetic drive induced by cardiac GS alpha overexpression.

To study the physiological effect of the overexpression of myocardial Gsalpha (protein levels increased by approximately threefold in transgenic mice), we examined the responsiveness to sympathomimetic amines by echocardiography (9 MHz) in five transgenic mice and five control mice (both 10.3 +/- 0.2 months old). Myocardial contractility in transgenic mice, as assessed by left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening (LVFS) and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was not different from that of control mice at baseline (LVFS, 40 +/- 3% versus 36 +/- 2%; LVEF, 78 +/- 3% versus 74 +/- 3%). LVFS and LVEF values in transgenic mice during isoproterenol (ISO, 0.02 micrograms/kg per minute) infusion were higher than the values in control mice (LVFS, 68 +/- 4% versus 48 +/- 3%; LVEF, 96 +/- 1% versus 86 +/- 3%; P < .05). Norepinephrine (NE, 0.2 micrograms/kg per minute) infusion also increased LVFS and LVEF in transgenic mice more than in control mice (LVFS, 59 +/- 4% versus 47 +/- 3%; LVEF, 93 +/- 2% versus 85 +/- 3%; P < .05). Heart rates of transgenic mice were higher than those of control mice during ISO and NE infusion. In three transgenic mice with heart rates held constant, LV dP/dt rose by 33 +/- 2% with ISO (0.02 micrograms/kg per minute) and by only 13 +/- 2% in three wild-type control mice (P < .01). NE (0.1 micrograms/kg per minute) also induced a greater effect on LV dP/dt in the three transgenic mice with heart rates held constant compared with three wild-type control mice (65 +/ 8% versus 28 +/- 4%, P < .05). Pathological and histological analyses of older transgenic mouse hearts (16.0 +/- 0.8 months old) revealed hypertrophy, degeneration, atrophy of cells, and replacement fibrosis reflected by significant increases in collagen volume in the subendocardium (5.2 +/- 1.4% versus 1.2 +/- 0.3%, P < .05) and in the cross-sectional area of myocytes (298 +/- 29 versus 187 +/- 12 micron2, P < .05) compared with control mouse hearts. These results suggest that Gsalpha overexpression enhances the efficacy of the beta-adrenergic receptor-Gs-adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway. This in turn leads to augmented inotropic and chronotropic responses to endogenous sympathetic stimulation. This action over the life of the animal results in myocardial damage characterized by cellular degeneration, necrosis, and replacement fibrosis, with the remaining cells undergoing compensatory hypertrophy. As a model, this transgenic mouse offers new insights into the mechanisms of cardiomyopathy and heart failure and provides a new tool for their study.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Is pre-intervention intravascular ultrasound necessary in evaluating target lesion calcification in patients undergoing transcatheter therapy?

To identify a subset of patients with a high probability of extensive calcification for further intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination, the frequency and extent of target lesion calcification as assessed by IVUS and its correlations with age, gender and risk factors as well as the value of angiography in identifying ultrasound calcification were analyzed in 88 patients undergoing balloon angioplasty for significant coronary atherosclerotic stenosis. The extent of calcification was semi-quantitatively graded as 0: no calcification; +: calcification arc < 90 degrees; ++: calcification arc from 90 degrees to 180 degrees; : calcification arc > 180 degrees. The distribution pattern of calcification was classified as superficial, deep or mixed. The results indicate: (1) the frequency of target lesion calcification was 38.6%, of which 52.9% showed a superficial pattern and 56.0% had a calcification arc < 90 degrees; and (2) only age was significantly associated with target lesion calcification in all of the patients. The frequency of calcification was remarkably higher in patients > or = 60 years old than in patients < or = 60 years old (61.9% vs 17.4%, p < 0.001); (3) among patients less than 60 years old, those with calcification had a higher average number of risk factors than those without; and (4) the total sensitivity of angiography in identifying ultrasound calcification was 43.6%, with a significantly higher sensitivity for calcification arc > 180 degrees and mixed pattern. In conclusion, pre-intervention IVUS may be necessary in patients > or = 60 years old and in those < 60 years old with more than two risk factors in selecting devices to optimize interventional strategies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Advantages and disadvantages of dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with treadmill exercise electrocardiography in detecting ischemia.

We compared the effectiveness and practicability of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and treadmill exercise electrocardiographic testing (TMT) for detecting coronary artery disease. Ninety-six patients (mean age 58.8 +/- 9.0 years) who presented for coronary angiography underwent both DSE and symptom-limited TMT. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to detect ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities during incremental dobutamine infusion (5-40 micrograms/kg per min administered in 5 min steps). The sensitivity of detecting ischemia was 63% for TMT and 79% for DSE (p < 0.05); the specificity was 61% for TMT and 88% for DSE (p < 0.05). The accuracy of TMT was 63% and of DSE 82% (p < 0.01). In patients in whom both tests gave true-positive results, the maximum ST depression was evaluated during DSE and TMT (n = 31). The ST segment depressions detected by DSE were significantly smaller than those detected by TMT (0.04 +/- 0.04 mV vs 0.17 +/- 0.07 mV, p < 0.01), and 10 patients had no evidence of ST segment depression despite the presence of new wall motion abnormalities. DSE took significantly longer to perform than TMT (26.0 +/- 5.0 min vs 5.5 +/- 2.0 min, p < 0.01). Thus, DSE is more sensitive, specific and accurate than TMT in detecting coronary artery disease and can detect ischemia at an earlier stage. However, it takes longer to perform than TMT and thus may be less suitable for routine clinical use.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Lumen and wall morphology of mild coronary dilatation assessed by in vivo intravascular ultrasound.

The in vivo features of the wall and lumen of mild coronary dilatation associated with atherosclerosis and the relationship with coronary ectasia were investigated by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging of 11 patients with angiographically-proven mild coronary dilatation. Maximal luminal diameter, thickness of the inner echogenic layer and echolucent zone, and frequency of calcification of the dilatation sites were compared with those of proximal adjacent normal sites. The results showed that : luminal diameter by angiography was significantly larger at the dilatation site and the ratio of dilatation/normal diameter was 1.27 +/- 0.07; the maximal luminal diameter of the dilatation site by IVUS was greater than that of the normal site (4.56 +/- 0.87 vs 3.94 +/- 0.61 mm, p< 0.01); the thickness of the inner echogenic layer and echolucent zone increased significantly at the dilatation site over the normal site (0.48 +/- 0.12 vs 0.17 +/- 0.14 mm and 0.53 +/- 0.17 vs 0.10 +/- 0.10 mm, p< 0.001, respectively); calcification occurred more frequently at the dilatation site (54.5% vs 9.1%, p< 0.05). The thickened inner echogenic layer and echolucent zone and a high frequency of calcification were observed by in vivo IVUS in the wall of angiographically-defined mild coronary dilatation lesions caused by atherosclerosis.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1996

[Evaluation of a method to determine the myocardial uptake from 123I-BMIPP myocardial SPECT and its significance].

We examined methods of calculating myocardial uptake (TU) of 123I-BMIPP by SPECT, and compared TU to heart function (ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI)) calculated by left ventriculography. Forty-two patients with acute myocardial infarction were classified into 5 groups; within 1 week (I), from 1 to 2 weeks (II), from 2 weeks to 1.5 months (III), from 1.5 to 3 months (IV) and more than 3 months (V) after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Chest depth (Tw) was calculated by measuring the thoracic absorption rate of 123I. In calculating TU, the myocardial count was calculated from short-axis tomograms, and then absorption was corrected using Tw to calculate each value on early-phase image (E) and delay-phase image (D). The influence of lung uptake on myocardial count was only 1.76%. When TU was compared to heart function, there were correlations between group I and group V. Especially in group V D-TU was a significantly correlated with heart function. In heart function CI, but not EF nor CO, was significantly correlated with TU. It was suggested that the correlation between TU and heart function reflected the infarct condition before PTCA in group I, and that the individual difference in recovery of fatty acid metabolism in group V. The significant correlation between D-TU and CI suggests that D-TU reflects heart function and fatty acid metabolism, although TU is influenced by differences in physical status.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Heparin inhibits the accumulation of re-esterified cholesterol in macrophages loaded with acetylated low-density lipoprotein.

Heparin enhances the endocytosis of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in macrophages via a formation of complex with LDL. The direct effect of heparin on the metabolism of cholesterol in macrophages has not been elucidated. We therefore evaluated the effects of heparin on the accumulation and reesterification of cholesterol in cultured macrophages. We used acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL), which lacks an affinity for heparin. Rat peritoneal macrophages induced with thioglycollate were incubated with 100 micrograms of acetyl-LDL for 14 h. Heparin significantly inhibited the accumulation of total and esterified cholesterol but did not affect the binding of 125I-labeled acetyl-LDL to macrophages or its cellular degradation. Heparin at concentration above 5 micrograms/ml inhibited the incorporation of [3H]oleate into cholesteryl oleate in macrophages. Heparin significantly inhibited the acyl CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) activity of macrophages by 68%. Data suggest that heparin inhibits the accumulation and reesterification of cholesterol in macrophages loaded with acetyl-LDL. Heparin-like proteoglycans may thus protect the macrophages against the excessive accumulation of esterified cholesterol.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Posterior hypothalamic control of rabbit tracheal tension and involvement of central histaminergic neurons.

The hypothalamus is involved in the control of the cardiovascular system, but airway tone is less well defined. In the posterior hypothalamus, histaminergic neuronal cell bodies are located. Effects of electrical stimulation in the posterior hypothalamus on tracheal tension and the cardiovascular system were examined in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits. Tracheal tension was determined from pressure exerted on a balloon inserted in the trachea and measured by a pressure transducer. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus caused tracheal tension to decrease, arterial blood pressure to increase, and mild tachycardia followed by bradycardia. The tracheal tension decrease induced by posterior hypothalamic stimulation was not affected by atropine nor by transection of either the superior laryngeal nerve or the vagus nerve, but was depressed by adrenoceptor blockade. Tracheal tension decrease was also reduced by pyrilamine, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, administered into the fourth ventricle, but was not affected by cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. The stimulation sites where these effects were evoked were interspersed among the loci of histamine immunoreactive cell bodies previously reported. Results suggest that posterior hypothalamic neurons decrease tracheal tension through the sympathetic nervous system, and involve the histaminergic neurons in this route.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The discrepancy between echocardiography, cineventriculography and thermodilution. Evaluation of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction.

We have often experienced disagreement in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF) between cineventriculography and echocardiography not performed simultaneously, and unnaturally hyperdynamic left ventricular wall motion. We determined EDV, ESV, stroke volume, and EF (with modified Simpson's rule) in 65 consecutive patients using 2-dimensional echocardiography with a 2.5 MHz, 128-element phased-array transducer within three days of cardiac catheterization and compared our results with those obtained by the thermodilution technique and biplane cineventriculography. Heart rate and stroke volume were significantly different among the three techniques: cineventriculography yielded the highest values. These findings suggest that patients may have been in a hyperadrenergic state caused by anxiety experienced during invasive cineventriculography and thermodilution examinations. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities for echocardiography differed little from the variability in cineventriculography. Although there were good correlations between echocardiographic and cineventriculographic findings for EDV (r = 0.67), ESV (r = 0.80), and EF (r = 0.78) by two independent observers, there was a lack of agreement for EDV, ESV, and EF. Echocardiographic EDV values were significantly lower than cineventriculographic values. When left ventricular function is good, the left ventricle tends to be hyperadrenergic and in a more hyperdynamic state with smaller ESV than echocardiographic values during cineventriculography. When left ventricular function is poor, the left ventricle tends to be influenced by the effect of the contrast medium and stress during the invasive examinations and in a more hypodynamic state with larger ESV than echocardiographic values during cineventriculography. The echocardiography is highly reproducible and may provide information that is not available from cineventriculography and thermodilution. Cineventriculography may provide another manifestation of cardiac reserve. In conclusion, we must take into account each peculiar property of the echocardiography, the cineventriculography, or the thermodilution technique when patients are examined with cardiac conditions by different methods at different days.

Adult↗