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Biomedical subjects

M K Stoskopf

Publications and source records attributed to M K Stoskopf.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Abdominal ascites in electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) associated with hepatic hemosiderosis and elevated water pH.

Six electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) from various centers that house aquatic organisms presented clinically with abdominal distension following prolonged exposure to elevated environmental pH. Postmortem examination revealed marked ascites. Culture of the abdominal fluid from three of the eels yielded either Aeromonas hydrophila or Citrobacter freundii, which were most likely secondary invaders. Histopathology showed marked iron accumulation in both hepatocytes and hepatic macrophage aggregates.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spiralis in North Carolina black bears (Ursus americanus).

Serum samples from 143 hunter-killed black bears were collected during the 1996 and 1997 black bear hunting seasons in eastern North Carolina. All samples were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were present in 120 of 143 (84%) bears. Females had significantly higher titers than males (Wilcoxon rank sums test, P = 0.045), and titers increased with age (Jonckheere test, P = 0.01). Samples collected during 1996 (n = 79) were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No samples were positive for antibodies to T. spiralis.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1997

Serologic survey for toxoplasmosis in river otters.

The prevalence of antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from eastern North Carolina (USA) was investigated in a cross sectional study. Sera from 103 live trapped river otters were tested for antibodies to T. gondii using a commercially available latex agglutination kit. Forty-six (45%) of the sera were positive with titers ranging from 1:16 to > 1:2,048. Adult otters (n = 78) had a seroprevalence of 47% and juvenile otters (n = 25) had a seroprevalence of 39%. Significant differences were not found between the sexes within either maturity class. The high prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii indicates that many animals in this population were exposed to the organism. This suggests handling of otters may be a zoonotic concern for fur trappers.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mortality in captive wild-caught horned puffin chicks (Fratercula corniculata).

Sixteen horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) and six parakeet auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula) chicks of various prefledging ages were caught in Alaska and transported to the North Carolina Zoological Park (USA) in August 1995. Six of the 16 puffin chicks died within a 5-day period beginning 2 days after their arrival into quarantine at the zoo. The birds that died were collected at a young age, weighed 45.4-65.7 g, and had been fed a diet of thawed frozen ocean silversides (Atherinidae) that was not supplemented with vitamins. Clinical signs were nonspecific, and gross necropsies, insecticide toxicology screens, and bacterial cultures were unremarkable. Microscopic examination of tissues from five of the six birds showed myocardial necrosis and degeneration suggestive of vitamin E deficiency and intestinal protozoa resembling Microsporidia. The mortality pattern and histopathologic lesions observed in this case support the use of selective age capture and vitamin supplementation for wild alcid chick collection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The impact of water temperature on core body temperature of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) during simulated oil spill recovery washing protocols.

Ten North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) were anesthetized with Telazol and instrumented with ingestable radiotelemetry temperature sensors for measuring core body temperature. The otters were then subjected to a washing protocol to simulate rehabilitation following an oil spill contamination. This protocol consisted of a 30-min wash in a 1:16 dilution of dishwashing liquid using either cold (24 degrees C) water or water near baseline core body temperature (38.4 degrees C), followed by a 30-min rinse with water of the same temperature, followed by 10 min of forced hot air drying. Core body temperatures of the otters washed in cold water fell at a median rate of 0.1 degrees C/min, whereas otters washed in warm water maintained stable core temperatures until the completion of the protocol, at which time their core temperatures began to drop at a similar rate. Core temperatures restabilized in both groups, and no statistical difference in core temperature between groups remained 180 min after initiation of the protocol. Efforts to examine the efficacy of supplemental squalene administration to speed the recovery of fur condition and waterproofing were unsuccessful because the washing protocol did not cause loss of coat waterproofing in 8 of the 10 subjects.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1997

Postanesthetic monitoring of core body temperature using telemetry in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis).

Remote thermal telemetry was performed on North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) during the 1995 North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Otter Restoration Project. Otters were anesthetized with either ketamine-midazolam (n = 11) or tiletamine-zolazepam (n = 9) combinations. Based upon initial rectal temperatures, mild to moderate hyperthermia (39.4-40.5 degrees C) developed in five otters given ketamine-midazolam and three otters given tiletamine-zolazepam. Following anesthetic induction, each otter received an ingestible temperature transmitter. Dependent upon gastrointestinal transit time and transmitter battery life, core body temperature was monitored for up to 13.75 hr postanesthesia. Thermal telemetry revealed a gradual decline in core temperature in all otters after anesthetic recovery (30-60 min). Median core temperature stabilized subsequently within 0.3 degrees C of resting temperature (38.4 degrees C) 1.75 hr after initial injection in otters given tiletamine-zolazepam and 2.75 hr in otters given ketamine-midazolam. Minor fluctuations in body temperature (less than 1 degree C) occurred in most otters from 6 to 13.75 hr and were attributed to variations in physical activity.

Anesthesia Recovery Period↗
PubMed1997

Tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) and its partial antagonism with flumazenil.

North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) were anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam or tiletamine-zolazepam-flumazenil combinations in cooperation with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Otter Restoration Project for evaluation of physiologic changes during anesthesia. Sixteen otters received tiletamine-zolazepam (4 mg/kg combined, i.m.) in 1994. Induction and recovery times were recorded and physiologic data (heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, relative oxyhemoglobin saturation, and mean arterial blood pressure) were collected at 5-min intervals. Respiratory depression developed initially in all otters, and median relative oxyhemoglobin saturation remained below 90% for the first 15 min of anesthesia. Anesthetic induction with tiletamine-zolazepam was rapid and smooth, but recovery was prolonged (median = 89 min) and characterized by persistent head motion. In 1995, flumazenil was evaluated as a partial antagonist for tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in otters. Sixteen otters were anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam (4 mg/kg combined, i.m.) and given flumazenil (1 mg per 25 mg of zolazepam) after 20 min. Flumazenil markedly shortened recovery time in all otters anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam (median = 65 min) with no adverse effects.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

Effect of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone administration on plasma corticosterone concentrations in American black ducks (Anas rubripes).

A protocol for the adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulation test in American black ducks (Anas rubripes) was established with synthetic ACTH, cosyntropin (Cortrosyn); ACTH stimulation testing was conducted on 31 adult ducks (14 males, 17 females) in September 1993. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured on heparinized blood samples collected 30 min, and 1, 2, and 4 hr post-injection. In comparison with saline controls, cosyntropin (0.25 mg/duck) produced a two- to three-fold increase in corticosterone 30 min after administration. Maximal concentrations ranged from 132 to 312 ng/ml and occurred between 1 and 2 hr post-injection. Corticosterone concentrations declined to basal, pre-injection values after 4 hr. Endogenous ACTH release in response to handling stress was evident in control ducks after saline injection but did not interfere with interpretation of the stimulation test. Recommendations for the ACTH stimulation test in black ducks include a 30 min acclimatization period for recently captured or relocated ducks and determination of plasma corticosterone concentration 1 to 2 hr following intramuscular injection with 0.25 mg cosyntropin.

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests↗
PubMed1995

Avian malaria seroprevalence in Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) in South Africa.

Blood samples of 191 adult Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from South Africa were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with Plasmodium falciparum antigen (R32tet32) for avian malaria antibodies (Ab). The samples originated from free-ranging penguins from offshore islands and southern coast colonies (3 groups, n = 110), from 2 penguin groups (n = 66) rescued after offshore oil-spill contamination and rehabilitated at the Rescue Station of the South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) in Cape Town, and from SANCCOB-resident penguins (n = 15). The total average malaria Ab seroprevalence was 39%, and the mean malaria seropositivity ranged from 20% to 62% among the 6 S. demersus groups, with a mean of 55% for oiled penguins, and 31% for the remaining birds. The total mean absorbance value was 0.57 for ELISA-positive penguins, 0.43 for birds kept at SANCCOB facilities, and 0.70 for the penguins from wild colonies. The 2 groups of oiled penguins exhibited higher malaria Ab seroprevalence (38% and 62%) than the 3 groups of non-oiled birds (29%, 33% and 35%). Malaria Ab seroprevalence of free-ranging penguins was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in the 3 groups of birds at SANCCOB facilities and did not differ significantly among 3 wild penguin colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Determination of ceftazidime in dolphin serum by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible detection and confirmation by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of therapeutic levels of ceftazidime in dolphin serum. The method involved an ultrafiltration of diluted serum with an equal amount of acetonitrile-ethanol-water (40:40:20, v/v/v) through a 10,000 daltons molecular mass cut-off filter. Separation of ceftazidime from the other serum components was performed by ion-paired (dodecanesulfonate) liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column eluted with acetonitrile-water solution. The ultraviolet absorbance of the column effluent was monitored in the 200-340 nm range of a photodiode-array detector or at 258.8 nm on a variable-wavelength ultraviolet-visible detector. Recoveries of ceftazidime from dolphin serum spiked with 20 and 2 micrograms/ml were 92.9 and 91.1% with coefficients of variation of 5.5 and 5.7%, respectively. A correlation coefficient of 0.9994 occurred with ceftazidime in aqueous solutions (n = 6, in duplicates). The limit of detection for this antibiotic was estimated to be approximately 50 ppb (ng/ml). The unbound ceftazidime concentrations in dosed dolphin serum were determined to calculate the protein bindings of this antibiotic which yielded 32 +/- 2%. The ceftazidime peak identity in dosed dolphin serum was confirmed by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermospray mass spectrum of ceftazidime exhibited only the fragment ions, involving the opening of the beta-lactam ring, at m/z 237, 255 and 315 when positive-ion detection mode was employed and the fragment ions at m/z 235, 253 and 313 when negative-ion detection mode was used.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Kinetic study of serum gentamicin concentrations in baboons after single-dose administration.

This study establishes preliminary pharmacokinetic data on the use of gentamicin sulfate administered IM to baboons. Serum concentrations greater than or equal to 12 micrograms/ml are generally agreed to cause toxicosis in human beings. On the basis of preliminary test results suggesting that the manufacturer's recommended dosage for dogs of 4.4 mg/kg of body weight caused potentially toxic serum concentrations, a dosage of 3 mg/kg was chosen to conduct a single-dose kinetic study in 6 baboons. Using a single-compartment model, the gentamicin serum half-life for IM administration of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg was 1.58 hours, and serum concentrations remained below the potentially toxic concentrations reported for human beings. We suggest that a dosage of 3 mg/kg is safer than a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg administered IM to baboons. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were less than or equal to 1 micrograms/ml. On the basis of our measured elimination half-life of 1.58 hours, it is reasonable to suppose that dosing q24 h will be inadequate to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations. We calculate that serum concentrations will remain at or above our measured minimal inhibitory concentration for P aeruginosa (1 micrograms/ml) for 100% of the treatment time if the animal is dosed q 6h, 78% for dosing q 8h, and 52% for dosing q 12h. Therefore, we suggest 3 mg/kg, q 8h or q 6h as appropriate dosing schedules for the use of gentamicin sulfate administered IM to baboons.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Octopus automutilation syndrome.

This paper describes an automutilation syndrome (OAS) in three species of captive octopuses, Octopus dolfleini, O. bimaculoides, and O. maya, characterized by external arm and mantle lesions. Three clinical patterns in nine animals had similar and characteristic gross and histopathologic features. Axial nerve or brachial artery lesions were observed in six of the nine cases and vascular lesions were seen in two of eight cases with mantle ulcerations. A relationship between automutilation in the octopus and dysesthesias due to neural or vascular pathology is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of aquatic organisms.

NMR imaging and localized 1H spectroscopy of a variety of aquatic organisms in vivo is described for the first time. The practical consideration of life support, water volume, salinity, and anesthesia are discussed and solutions presented. Such animal studies shape our understanding of physiology, biochemistry, and biology, and provide models of human disease and normal function. These studies also have economic and ecological importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Myocarditis in the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis).

This report describes five cases of myocarditis in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Both the systemic heart and the branchial hearts exhibited inflammatory lesions. Vibrio species were isolated from four of these cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of novel glycolipids from the giant cockroach (Blaberus colosseus).

A novel class of glycolipids, assigned the trivial name blaberosides, was isolated from whole head tissues of the giant cockroach (Blaberus colosseus). The class consists of two closely related families, blaberoside I and blaberoside II, each containing species differing by 26 atomic mass units. The structure of these gentiobiose-based glycoglycerolipids was elucidated by chromatographic behavior, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and analysis of chemical degradation products and derivatives. Species in the blaberoside I family have been identified as 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-bet a-D- glucopyranosyl]-3-(hexadecyloxy)-1-(3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl)-1,2-p ropanediol (blaberoside Ia) and 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-bet a- D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(6-octadeceloxy)-1-(3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl )-1,2- propanediol (blaberoside Ib). Two smaller homologs of the blaberoside II family were discerned to be 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11- eicosenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(hex ade cyloxy)- 1,2-propanediol (blaberoside IIa), and 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(4-octadeceloxy)-1,2-prop anediol (blaberoside IIb). These compounds are unique because they are animal origin glyceroglycolipids with a highly flexible gentiobiose backbone, and a beta-linkage of the carbohydrate to the glycerol ether at the 2 position rather than the usual 1 position.

Animals↗