Biomedical subjects

M Kermode

Publications and source records attributed to M Kermode.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Injections for health-related reasons amongst injecting drug users in New Delhi and Imphal, India.

OBJECTIVES: In many parts of the world where unsafe injection practices in health settings are common, the prevalence of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) is high amongst injecting drug users (IDUs). If IDUs in these settings are receiving injections for health-related reasons, the possibility of amplification of BBV transmission via medical injections exists. The aim of this study is to describe the nature and extent of injections received for health-related reasons amongst IDUs in two Indian cities, New Delhi and Imphal. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 200 IDUs was conducted in late 2004. Trained peer outreach workers asked participants about health problems experienced, consultations with healthcare providers and health-related injections received in the preceding 4 weeks. RESULTS: Most participants (99.5%) were male, the average age was 29 years, and the average time since first injection of illicit drugs was 6 years. A total of 133 injections were received for health-related reasons during the preceding 4 weeks by 15% of the participants. The average number of injections was 8.6/participant/year. CONCLUSION: Injections for health-related reasons were commonplace amongst these IDUs. Therefore, amplification of BBV transmission within communities due to unsafe injections is possible and warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the health impact and cost effectiveness of two infant vaccination strategies for protection against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Australian population. Vaccinating only high-risk infants, assuming 65% compliance, was compared with universal vaccination of infants using a combination Hib-HepB vaccine, with 87.4% compliance. METHOD: A Markov model simulated the natural history of HBV infection and disease in an Australian birth cohort. The cohort was divided into those at high risk of infection (infants born into high-risk families) and low-risk infants. Clinical and epidemiological data used were obtained from published reports and a survey of clinical experts. The model included the health costs associated with acute and chronic HBV infection, and the sequelae of chronic HBV infection. RESULTS: The model predicted that universal hepatitis B vaccination of an Australian birth cohort (260,000 births) would result in a 77% reduction in cases of HBV infection. The incremental cost per life year gained was $11,862, which is low compared with many other health care interventions. With no discounting of costs or consequences, universal vaccination with the combination vaccine was predicted to save lives and reduce costs. CONCLUSION: There is no socially accepted threshold value for cost per life year gained to guide decisions about funding Australian health care interventions. Nevertheless, based on these results, universal hepatitis B vaccination of Australian infants using a combination Hib-HepB vaccine would almost certainly be regarded as a worthwhile investment of public funds.

Australia↗

PubMed2000

Health insurance status and mood during pregnancy and following birth: a longitudinal study of multiparous women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between health insurance status and mood during pregnancy and following childbirth. METHOD: 320 women were recruited in the early stage of pregnancy to participate in a longitudinal, prospective study of the psychological aspects of childbirth among multiparous women. Study volunteers were surveyed during each trimester of pregnancy and 2 and 8 months following childbirth. A range of self-administered psychometric tests were used to assess mood (Profile of Mood State), locus of control, defence style and partner support. Demographic information including health insurance status was noted at study entry. RESULTS: Public patients consistently had a more disturbed mood compared with private patients. This difference reached statistical significance during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and 8 months after birth. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to identify predictors of mood during pregnancy and following birth. A better mood score was positively associated with private health insurance, a more caring partner and mature defence style, and negatively associated with external locus of control and immature defence style. A distinct mood pattern during pregnancy and following childbirth was observed and is described. CONCLUSIONS: Public patients have a more disturbed mood during pregnancy and following childbirth compared with private patients. This information is relevant when planning social, psychological and psychiatric services that target childbearing women.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Tuberculosis infection and homelessness in Melbourne, Australia, 1995-1996.

OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculosis infection among persons experiencing homelessness in inner Melbourne, Australia. DESIGN: Homeless people were surveyed during late 1995 and early 1996. In stage one of the study 284 homeless people from crisis and long-term accommodation sites were recruited by means of stratified, systematic, random sampling. In stage two a convenience sample of 100 homeless people from squats and the streets were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire and Mantoux testing was performed. RESULTS: A past history of tuberculosis was reported by 3%. Thirty-seven per cent had a Mantoux > or =10 mm; 21% > or =15 mm; and 11% > or =20 mm. A Mantoux > or =15 mm was independently associated with being aged > or =40 years, coming from the accommodated sample, overseas birth, and a past history of tuberculosis. Using logistic regression modelling, a Mantoux > or =15 mm was predicted by being aged > or =40 years, overseas birth, and past history of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Mantoux test results suggest that this group of homeless people had a high prevalence of infection with the tubercle bacillus. Many aspects of the physical and social circumstances of homeless people predispose to reactivation and have the potential to enhance rapid spread should latent infection become active disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Health indicators and risks among people experiencing homelessness in Melbourne, 1995-1996.

During the study's first stage, 284 homeless people from crisis and long-term accommodation sites were surveyed using stratified, systematic sampling. The second stage involved a survey of a convenience sample of 100 homeless people from squats and the streets. Participants completed a questionnaire, Mantoux testing was performed and blood taken for gamma-interferon assay, liver and renal function tests. The group's health status was poor, with 72% experiencing medical conditions in the preceding two years and 77% symptoms in the month prior to interview. Bronchitis, asthma and gastroenteritis were the most commonly reported conditions; productive and persistent coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing the commonest symptoms. Twenty-one per cent had Mantoux reactions 15 mm or greater, 28% a raised GGT and 19% a raised ALT. Seventy-seven per cent smoked, 74% were current drinkers, 28% had injected drugs at some time in their lives and 14% were regularly injecting drugs. Forty-four per cent had experienced mental illness, 49% of whom reported depression and 15% schizophrenia. Homeless people in Melbourne have poor health status and engage in behaviours that place their health at risk. The high number of respiratory and gastro-intestinal complaints, the high level of cigarette smoking and injecting drug use (IDU) and the proportion likely to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) are all issues with important health consequences. Participants recruited from the street had significantly poorer health and engaged in more risk behaviours than those from accommodation sites; those from the accommodated sample were more likely to be infected with Mtb.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Patients' experiences of nursing interventions during hospitalisation with an AIDS-defining illness.

The aim of this phenomenologically informed study was to explore the experience of being hospitalised with an AIDS-defining illness. Eight men recently hospitalised with an AIDS-defining illness were asked at interview to describe the meaning of AIDS for them and the nursing interventions they experienced as helpful and unhelpful while they were in hospital. The findings pertaining to participants' experiences of nursing interventions are highlighted in this paper. Overall, the interventions experienced as helpful were those which the participants interpreted as being motivated by care. Conversely, the interventions described as unhelpful were those that suggested to the participants a lack of care on the part of nurses. The main implications of patients' experiences for nursing practice are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1989

AIDS. Nursing care.

Nursing personnel, as front-line health care providers working directly with individuals infected with HIV, their families, and their community, are presented with a challenge that requires unprecedented creativity, energy and resources. The extent to which nursing personnel are willing and able to meet this challenge may well have a profound impact on the future course of the epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Physical assessment of people with AIDS.

Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978, primary health care (PHC) has been acknowledged as the most effective means of achieving "health for all". Promotion of the PHC model provides nurses with an excellent opportunity for professional growth and development. The PHC role of nurse practitioner is gradually emerging within the Australian health care system and if nurses are to fulfil this role adequately they need to equip themselves with additional skills. The art of performing competent physical assessment of clients is one such skill. As the concept of the AIDS nurse practitioner is being developed locally and overseas, this paper focuses on the physical assessment of people with AIDS. While the constellation of physical signs and symptoms they experience are all too familiar to those who work in the area, they are often unusual for those who do not.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗