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Biomedical subjects

M Klaus

Publications and source records attributed to M Klaus.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Fecal bilirubin excretion and serum bilirubin concentrations in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.

To assess the rate of excretion of bilirubin in the stools and its effects on serum bilirubin concentrations, we studied 24 breast-fed and 13 bottle-fed infants during the first 3 days after birth. Bottle-fed infants passed significantly more stool (3-day totals, 82 vs 58 gm, P less than 0.001), excreted more bilirubin (3-day totals, 23.8 vs 15.7 mg, P less than 0.05), and had lower serum bilirubin values (day 3, 6.8 vs 9.5 mg/dl, P less than 0.02). Among the breast-fed infants, greater stool output was associated with greater fecal bilirubin excretion (r = 0.56, P less than 0.05) and lower serum bilirubin concentrations (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). Our data suggest that hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants may be related to a delay in bilirubin clearance resulting from low stool output.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1983

Effect of frequent breast-feeding on early milk production and infant weight gain.

To investigate the effects of frequency and duration of breast-feeding on infants' milk intake and weight gain, two groups of mother-infant pairs were studied during the first month after delivery. Mothers in the control group (n = 24) nursed their infants on a 3- to 4-hour schedule. Those in the experimental group (n = 20) were encouraged to nurse frequently. During the first 14 postpartum days, all mothers recorded the length and time of each breast-feeding. On the 15th and on the 35th postpartum day, milk intake per feeding for 24 hours and infant weight gain from birth were measured. During the first 2 weeks after delivery, mothers in the experimental group nursed more frequently (9.9 v 7.3 feedings per 24 hours; P less than .0001). On day 15, their infants took more milk (725 v 502 mL/24 h; P less than .0002), and had gained more weight from birth (561 v 347 g; P less than .02). On day 35, although mothers in the experimental group were still nursing more frequently (9.8 v 6.8 feedings per 24 hours; P less than .01), milk intake and weight gain from birth were not significantly different.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

Milk intake and frequency of feeding in breast fed infants.

To provide normative data for healthy full term infants in the United States when the mothers were encouraged to feed as often and as long as the infants wished, 46 mother-infant pairs were studied in the first month after delivery. Mothers recorded the length and time of each breast-feeding for the first 14 days postpartum, and weighed the infant before and after each feeding during a 24-48 h period at 1 month. The mean frequency of feeding during the first 2 weeks of life was 9.8 +/- 2.5 feeds/24 h and the mean duration of feeding was 162 +/- 50 min/24 h. Infants heavier at birth demanded significantly more feedings and nursed longer during the first 14 days of life. At one month the infants were nursing an average of 7.2 +/- 1.3 times/24 h and the mean duration of feeds was 158 +/- 63 min/24 h. Although the frequency of feeding during the first 14 days postpartum was significantly higher than at 1 month, the total duration of feeding in 24 h was similar. Daily milk intakes at 1 month ranged from 395 to 1011 ml (mean 681 +/- 136 ml) and were not significantly correlated with either the frequency or duration of feedings.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1981

Separation for childbirth: the effect on the sibling.

The reactions of 14 young (one to three and one-half years) first born children to the routine two to six day separation associated with maternal childbirth were compared with 17 children permitted to visit their mothers in hospital for one hour per day. Behavior observations in the home one to two weeks after birth compared to those made two to four weeks before birth as well as maternal questionnaires revealed significant increases in temper tantrums, excessive activity and sleep problems in both groups. Children, however, who visited were initially significantly more responsive to their mothers and new siblings.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor, and mother-infant interaction.

We studied the effects of a supportive lay woman ("doula") on the length of labor and on mother-infant interaction after delivery in healthy Guatemalan primigravid women. Initial assignment of mothers to the experimental (doula) or control group was random, but controls showed a higher rate (P less than 0.001) of subsequent perinatal problems (e.g. cesarean section and meconium staining). It was necessary to admit 103 mothers to the control group and 33 to the experimental group to obtain 20 in each group with uncomplicated deliveries. In the final sample, the length of time from admission to delivery was shorter in the experimental group (8.8 vs. 19.3 hours, P less than 0.001). Mothers who had a doula present during labor were awake more after delivery (P less than 0.02) and stroked (P less than 0.001), smiled at (P less than 0.009), and talked to (P less than 0.002) their babies more than the control mothers. These observations suggest that there may be major perinatal benefits of constant human support during labor.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1979

Prevalence of maternal and neonatal infections in a developing country: possible low-cost preventive measures.

The frequency and duration of infectious illnesses in 408 pregnant rural women and 417 poor urban infants in Guatemala have been investigated, together with morbidity and mortality among the offspring of the rural women. Rural women suffered high rates of infection during the gestation period. Symptomatic illnesses, mainly acute respiratory infection and diarrhoeal disease, usually showed a higher incidence during the last months of pregnancy. Significant bacteriuria was identified in 21% of the women, though symptoms of urinary tract infection were found in about 25%. Vaginal infection was found in 38% of women at the beginning of pregnancy and in 79% at its end. Twelve per cent of women showed evidence of reactivated infections with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii. The neonatal mortality rate in the rural population was 37.7 per 1000 liveborn infants. Most deaths were among preterm babies. Significant bacteriuria was related to low birth weight. Morbidity in rural neonates was also high, but the illnesses were not severe and had a short duration. Neonatal morbidity in poor urban infants was also high. Breast-feeding had a protective effect: breast-fed rural and poor urban infants had a lower incidence of illness than urban babies who were not breast-fed. The influence of infection during pregnancy on the conceptus and some low-cost measures for reducing it are discussed. Measures for decreasing neonatal morbidity in rural and poor urban ureas are proposed.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1978

[Clinical pharmacology of Bacampicillin in comparison to Ampicillin (author's transl)].

Equimolecular doses of Ampicillin and Bacampicillin were administrated orally, of Ampicillin also by i.v. injection to 10 healthy adult volunteers (cross over study). By comparison of areas under serum level curves after i.v. and oral administration absorption rate of Bacampicillin which is hydrolysed rapidly to Ampicillin in the body was determined as 95%. Peaks of serum levels after 0.8 g. Bacampicillin administered orally were higher (15,9 microgram/ml) and earlier (after 60 min) than after 0.556 g. Ampicillin administered orally (3.5 microgram/ml after 150 min). Concentrations of Ampicillin in skin blister fluid 1 h after i.v. injection of Ampicillin were 20 times higher than after oral administration of Ampicillin and 3-4 times higher than after oral administration of Bacampicillin; after 3 and 4 hours skin blister levels after i.v. injection were only a half of skin blister levels after oral administration of Bacampicillin. Determination of antibiotic concentrations in saliva and tears showed similar relations. Since higher peaks in serum resulted in higher concentrations in the extravascular space Bacampicillin which is absorbed compeltely and more rapidly should be prefered for oral administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Absorption of bacampicillin and ampicillin and penetration into body fluids (skin blister fluid, saliva, tears) in healthy volunteers.

Equimolar doses of bacampicillin, which is rapidly converted to ampicillin in the body by hydrolysis, and ampicillin were administered orally, in the case of ampicillin also by intravenous injection, to 10 healthy subjects (cross-over study). Comparison of the areas under the serum concentrations curves after intravenous and oral administration showed that bacampillin was absorbed to 95% and orally given ampicillin to 35%. The mean peak serum levels (Cmax) after 0.8 g of oral bacampicillin were higher (15.9 microgram/ml) and appeared earlier (tmax 60 min) than after 0.556 g of oral ampicillin (3.2 microgram/ml, tmax 150 min). One and three hours after oral administration skin blister fluid contained four times more ampicillin after doses of bacampicillin than after oral ampicillin. One hour after intravenous injection of ampicillin the skin blister concentrations were 20 times higher than after oral administration of this antibiotic and three to four times higher than after oral administration of bacampicillin. The levels in saliva and tears were also determined and showed similar relationships. Since higher peaks serum levels resulted in higher and longer lasting concentrations in the extravascular space, bacampicillin is to be preferred for oral therapy.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

Feed the nursing mother, thereby the infant.

A successful attempt to improve nutritional status of infants by supplementing their mothers' diet is described. The habitual diet of a chronically malnourished woman whose milk production was insufficient to feed her newborn infant was supplemented with extra calories. An increase in milk production and in the infant's weight was rapidly obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Early human interaction: mother and child.

Studies of the differing means of definition problems of parturition and neonatal dependence, the extent of human variability underlying them, and the possibilities for enrichment of experience in early human interaction call into question such standard practices as isolation of the newborn, separation of mother and infant immediately after birth, and division of the family unit at the very time when it is symbolically and in reality becoming a family unit.

Albania↗
PubMed1975

The adaptation of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: a hypothetical model.

To determine the course of parental reactions to the birth of a child with a congenital malformation and the process of parental attachment, the parents of 20 children with a wide range of malformations including mongolism, congenital heart disease, and cleft palate were interviewed. Structured interviews took place 7 days to 60 months after birth. Despite the wide variation of malformations, analysis of the interviews demonstrated five stages of parental reactions--shock, denial, sadness and anger, adaptation, and reorganization--in dealing with a congenitally malformed child during the course of his development and care. Observations of these patients suggest that early crisis counseling in the first months of life may be particularly crucial in parental attachment and adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗