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Biomedical subjects

M Kriska

Publications and source records attributed to M Kriska.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Temporal situation of NSAID-related adverse drug reaction reports in Slovak Republic.

To make the drug therapy safer and more rational, it is substantial to gain sufficient amount of information concerning the perception of ADRs, especially those related to most "risky" groups such as NSAID. By viewing ADR reporting as a professional responsibility, and recognizing that the quality of submitted information, health professionals can play a major role in improving the public health. (Fig. 2, Ref. 5.)

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2002

Risks of antibiotic treatment.

Adverse effects of antibiotics can cause a failure of antibiotic treatment. The authors give a survey of antibiotic toxicity manifestations, according to the target organ systems, with emphasis on identification of at-risk patients and on possible prevention of particular adverse effects. Although antibiotics belong to relatively safe pharmaceuticals, many of them can be a cause of a serious damage to the human organism. Beta-lactam antibiotics are considered the least dangerous. A considerable number of adverse effects, especially the dose-dependent ones, are preventable on condition that the risk factors, as the patient's age, functional capacity of eliminating organs (kidney, liver), associated diseases and simultaneous administration of drugs, are considered. In conclusion, the clinically significant drug interactions of antibiotics are pointed out, being of increasing importance especially in patients with multiple diseases and polypragmatic manner of treatment. (Tab. 2, Ref. 48.)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Drug information center.

One of the most important prerequisities concerning the process of selecting drugs for rational pharmacotherapy is the availability of independent information about them. The first self-existent Drug Information Center (DIC) in Slovakia was established in May 1997 at the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava. The organization of DIC and its activities are similar to other analogous centers in other countries. DIC provides free drugs information to all medical professionals. The majority of inquiries are from hospital physicians followed by general practitioners and staff of the University. The most frequent questions involve basic information about drugs, pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactation, adverse drug reactions, registration of new drugs, drug action etc.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed2001

Eradicative effect of cotrimoxazole and quinolones on non-typhoid salmonellae.

Opinions on antibiotic treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis are still different. Many authors support an opinion that antimicrobial treatment has no effect on salmonella elimination. The authors of the study have tried to prove that fluoroquinolones shorten the elimination of salmonellae and therefore they are useful not only for the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients to prevent sepsis and extraintestinal manifestations of the infection, but also for eradication of salmonellae in food industry workers, whose carrier state might exclude them from their work. (Tab. 3, Ref. 10.)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of endothelium-protective effects of drugs in experimental models of endothelial damage.

Endothelium-protective properties of pharmacological agents may be assessed by using different experimental models of endothelial dysfunction or injury. The model of endothelial dysfunction induced by vessel perfusion with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was used for evaluation of pentoxifylline (PTX) effects on vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline (NA) in the rabbit renal artery. Addition of PMN into the perfusion solution significantly increased the responses to NA at all doses. PTX administration (10(-5) mol x l(-1)) significantly diminished the constrictor responses to NA in vessels perfused with PMN+PTX when compared to the responses in PMN-perfused vessels (at dose 0.1 microg: 32.25 vs. 14.25, at dose 1 microg: 51 vs. 27.75 (p<0.01), at dose 10 microg 74.25 vs. 39.75 (p<0.05), all values expressed as median of perfusion pressure in mm Hg). The model of endothelial damage induced by repeated NA administration in 5 doses (10-50 microg of NA) was used for evaluation of the endothelium-protective effect of sulodexide (SLX). It was found that SLX (120 U/l) significantly decreased the number of desquamated endothelial cells (EC) compared to the control group (controls: 131.4+/-20.1 EC, +SLX: 83.3+/-13.8 EC, p<0.01). These results confirmed the favorable endothelium-protective effects of pentoxifylline and sulodexide in the two experimental models.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of indomethacin and deendothelisation on vascular responses in the renal artery.

Vasodilator prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2) play an important role in the regulation of renal blood flow. Hence, inhibition of their production with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increases renal vascular resistance and exerts adverse renal effects. It has been reported that besides endothelium-derived prostaglandin products, nitric oxide (NO) may be mainly involved in regulation of renal functions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin and endothelium removal on vascular responses of the renal artery as a model vessel. Isolated segments of rabbit renal arteries were perfused at constant flow. Indomethacin administration (10(-5) mol x l(-1)) significantly increased the responses to single doses (0.1, 1, 10 microg) of noradrenaline (NA) as compared with the controls. In indomethacin-pretreated vessels, subsequent deendothelisation by air bubbles enhanced the constrictor responses to NA. In reversed order, when deendothelisation was followed by indomethacin administration, the responses to NA were similar in character. A comparison of renal artery responses to NA in both experimental situations did not reveal any significant differences. It can be supposed that endothelial and non-endothelial factors may be involved in local regulation of renal vascular tone.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Renal damage induced by the treatment with non-opioid analgesics--theoretical assumption or clinical significance.

Non-opioid analgesics are some of the most widely used therapeutic agents in clinical practice today. The number of patients at risk for adverse events related to the use of these agents is rapidly expanding. While the gastrointestinal toxicity of these medications is well known, it has become increasingly apparent that the kidney is also an important target for untoward clinical events. Evidence of the nephrotoxicity of analgesic preparations is not sufficiently completed and available in our region. Analgesic-related renal injury has been classified based on mechanism of action into "classic" analgesic nephropathy and NSAID-related renal toxicity. From clinical point of view the renal side effects induced by analgesics can be classified into hemodynamic (functional) side effects and idiosyncratic side effects. The common link in both types of side effects seems to be renal ischemia related to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. Key enzyme in this process is cyclooxygenase occurring in two isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. Antiinflammatory effect of NSAIDs is mediated by COX-2 inhibition, while the side effects (gastrotoxicity, nephrotoxicity) by inhibition of COX-1. COX-1 was more inhibited by indomethacin and piroxicam and COX-2 by 6-MNA (active metabolite of nabumetone), diclofenac and ibuprofen. Nimesulide and meloxicam selectively block COX-2 and are recommended to patients at risk or treated with diuretics. (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 38.)

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1999

[Treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal complications caused by non-steroidal antiphlogistic agents].

The aim of our study is to give a survey of the most efficient methods for treatment and prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal adverse in cases when antiphlogistic treatment cannot be discontinued due to active and progressive joint disease. Analysis of published studies shows that, the proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole) are the most efficient agents in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers induced by NSAIDs. The analysis shows a reliable effect of prostaglandin analogues (misoprostol) as well. Prostaglandin analogues (misoprostol) proved the most effective in treatment of gastric erosions. Prophylaxis of adverse gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities can be primary or secondary. Secondary prevention is intended for patients with gastrointestinal symptoms or those treated for mucosal defects (ulcer, erosions). The standard prevention using H2-antagonists or sucralphate does not provide sufficient protection against NSAID in these patients, but omeprazole reduces the chance of a peptic lesion relapse. Primary prevention is intended for patients with a higher risk of gastrointestinal complications (age above 60, history of peptic ulcer, a higher dose of NSAID, simultaneous treatment with glucocorticoids or anticoagulants). Diclofenac with misoprostol and nabumetone reduce the incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers and their complications in short-term as well long-term studies. Meloxicam reduces the incidence of gastroduodenal mucosal abnormalities is short-term studies. Nimesulide is associated with a lower incidence of adverse gastrointestinal events, but the fact is that, reliable data on gastroduodenal ulcer incidence reduction or their complications are not available.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1999

[General principles of drug evaluation within the framework of drug policy].

This paper reviews the problems connected with drug evaluation in particular periods of its development. Requirements for drug registration, which represents the entrance of the drug on the market, are created by legislation. Drug application in the therapeutic process is determined by several factors and state regulations. The amount of evidence, reliability and validity of the facts should be the key factors of drug selection within the ambit of drug politics. Categorization of drugs means drug selection with regard to state reimbursement by means of health-insurance companies. Methods of drug categorization together with further regulations by means of positive letters, hospital blanks, should respect the criteria of professionality, transparency and sociopharmacology. Effective prognostication of drug use should ensure well-proportioned accessibility of effective safe drugs within the ambit of rational pharmacotherapy.

Drug Evaluation↗
PubMed1998

Early Postnatal Glutamate Treatment Results in Altered Vascular Responsiveness to Serotonin and Noradrenaline in Adult Rats.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate possible alterations of vascular responsiveness to vasoactive hormones in the vessel preparations from adult rats treated neonatally with high doses of glutamate. METHODS: The responses to noradrenaline and serotonin in perfused hindlimb vascular bed and isolated renal artery were measured in MSG-treated (2 and 4 mg/g BW) and control groups of adult rats at the age of 10 weeks. Acetylcholine test was used to assess the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the hindlimb vascular preparation. The vessel specimens from this vascular bed were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Vasoconstrictory responses to noradrenaline and serotonin were significantly reduced in the hindlimb vascular bed in MSG-treated rats. In the renal artery, a significant decrease of the responses to noradrenaline was found without significant changes in the responses to serotonin. The observed changes were more pronounced in groups treated with a high dose of MSG. Comparison of relaxing responses to acetylcholine in the hindlimb preparation did not show any statistically significant differences in control and MSG treated groups. Histological evaluation of this preparations did not reveal any endothelial damage or morphological changes of vessel wall. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results showed reduced vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictory agents in adult rats neonatally treated with MSG suggesting that early postnatal administration of glutamate may result in irreversible changes in cardiovascular function.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The effect of ambroxol on the vascular reactivity in the rabbit.

Experiments were designed to determine whether ambroxol, a drug used for the treatment of respiratory disorders, affects the basal tension and/or contractions due to adrenergic stimuli in the isolated rabbit portal vein and pulmonary artery. Ambroxol in concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l produced a concentration-dependent increase in basal tension, but a decrease in spontaneous mechanical activity of portal vein. The same concentrations of ambroxol failed to influence basal tension of pulmonary artery. However, when the vessel tone was increased by exogenous noradrenaline, ambroxol elicited concentration-dependent contractions also in this vessel. Moreover, ambroxol in the concentration of 10(-5) mol/l significantly enhanced vascular contractions due to both exo- and endogenous noradrenaline. The results suggest that ambroxol, in biologically relevant concentrations, may influence or even induce vascular contractions to adrenergic stimuli. Their expression, however, depend on the type of vascular smooth muscle. (Fig. 7, Ref. 25.)

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1998

[Endothelial diseases and endothelium-protective agents].

Endothelial dysfunction plays the key role in the development of cardiovascular system disorders. Using certain markers it is possible to evaluate the endothelial function alterations and in this way to propose the disease prognosis. Recently the number of information concerning possible reversibility of these changes and the pharmacological intervention increases. Partial data about endothelium protective properties of ACE inhibitors, hypolipidemics, pentoxifyllin, Ca2+ channel blockers, lazaroids, glycosaminoglycanes exist. In experimental conditions it is possible to evoke endothelial dysfunction and evaluate the effects of these substances. Glycosaminoglycan sulodexide reduced endothelial losses at in vitro conditions of vessel perfusion on the model of endothelium damage by vasoconstrictive stimuli. Further evidence of these substances efficacy is required for the clinical evaluation of their endothelium protective properties. The research direction in this field will certainly provide such information concerning the endothelial function moderation which may be able to change the strategy of vascular diseases pharmacotherapy. (Tab. 5, Ref. 66.)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Treatment of neonatal rats with monosodium glutamate attenuates the cardiovascular reactivity to phenylephrine and angiotensin II.

In rats, neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) causes serious damage in some hypothalamic and circumventricular areas. The resulting loss of appropriate neurons important for the regulation of blood pressure (BP) may modulate cardiovascular system receptivity in these animals. In the present study, the reactivity of the cardiovascular system to intravenous injection of alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine (200 microg/kg/ml) and angiotensin II (500 ng/kg in 0.6 ml for 2 min) was investigated in adult rats which had been neonatally treated with MSG or vehicle. BP parameters measured directly in conscious cannulated rats were continuously registered using a computerized system. Under basal conditions, MSG-treated rats had slightly lower systolic, diastolic and mean BP with significant differences in pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic BP). In MSG-treated animals, the maximal increase of mean arterial BP after phenylephrine and the duration of BP elevation after both agents were significantly reduced. Slopes of the linear portion of baroreceptor function curves in control and MSG-treated rats did not differ significantly, indicating that baroreflex efficacy was unchanged. The results obtained by perfusion of the hindlimb vascular bed in situ showed that the pressure responses to increasing doses of noradrenaline in MSG-treated rats were reduced. These findings demonstrate that neonatal treatment of rats with MSG lowers the responsiveness of the cardiovascular system, particularly in response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation. It is suggested that the attenuation of cardiovascular reactivity in MSG-treated rats is, at least partly, caused by diminished vascular responsiveness.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1996

Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences.

Neuroendocrine activation belongs to the main characteristics of the stress response. This response is not uniform but depends on the stress stimulus involved and on many other factors including the gender of the individual. In rats, corticosterone and ACTH levels as well as functional activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are higher in females compared to males under both basal and stress conditions. Marked sex differences were observed in stress-induced changes posterior pituitary hormone release. In male rats, release of vasopressin is not stimulated during stress conditions without an osmotic component while in female rats a rise in plasma vasopressin levels was observed even after short immobilization. Oxytocin release is enhanced in response to the majority of stress stimuli and it was found to be greater in females than in males. Mentioned gender differences are attributed to the effect of sex steroids, particularly those of estrogens. Not enough information is available on gender differences in the neuroendocrine response during stress in humans. We observed a greater neuroendocrine activation in women than in men in response to heat exposure in sauna with pronounced differences in ACTH and prolactin release and partly also after a cold-pressor test. Understanding of gender differences in neuroendocrine response during stress might contribute to the explanation of the development of some emotional and other disorders with higher incidence in women.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The importance of stereoselectivity for the effectiveness and safety of drugs].

Forty per cent of synthetic drugs are chiral, most of them being used in the form of a racemate. Though the existence of optical isomerism has been known since the last century, an increased attention to pharmacological and toxicological differences in the individual enantiomers of chiral drugs is being paid as late as the recent two decades. The present review paper discusses the importance of stereoselectivity and on the examples of the individual drugs it lists the advantages and/or disadvantages of the individual isomers with regard to the racemic mixture from the standpoint of efficacy and safety.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1995

Different reactivity of two rabbit vessels under hypoxia.

The effect of hypoxia on isolated rabbit vessel reactivity to vasoconstrictive agents was studied. Short-lasting hypoxia (30 min.) enhanced the responses to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and endothelin in the ear artery. Increased reactivity was also found with KCl depolarization solution. Deendothelization of the ear artery did not influence the enhanced responses to noradrenaline and endothelin in hypoxia. In similar experimental conditions the femoral artery reactivity to noradrenaline was not affected by hypoxia, the constrictory responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine were decreased. It can be concluded that hypoxic facilitation of vasoconstrictive activity is probably independent on receptor-related mechanisms and/or on the presence of endothelium. The results obtained confirm also the difference in reactivity of rabbit vessels from two vascular beds to vasoconstrictive agents under hypoxia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Automatic solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of quinidine in plasma.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the therapeutic drug monitoring of quinidine in clinical samples. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was studied in both off-line and on-line modes. SPE was performed in an automatic on-line mode using a fully automated Prospekt system. Extraction recoveries were in the range 97.1-99.4% for 1-2 micrograms/ml quinidine concentrations. For HPLC separation an Ultrasep RP-8 reversed-phase column was applied with acetonitrile-water (9:1) containing 0.3% triethylamine (pH 2.5) as the mobile phase. The Prospekt system is recommended for the routine monitoring of quinidine in plasma samples. Concentrations were in therapeutic range (1.2-3.6 micrograms/ml).

Automation↗