Histamine transport in neonatal and adult astrocytes.
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Age Factors↗
Biomedical subjects
M Krzan
Publications and source records attributed to M Krzan.
Influence of surface active substances on bubble motion and collision with various interfaces.
Bubble motion as a function of distance from a point of its detachment and phenomena occurring during the bubble approach and collision with liquid/gas and liquid/solid interfaces in pure water and solutions of various surface active substances are described and discussed. It is showed that presence of surface active substance has a profound influence on values of the terminal velocity and profiles of the local velocity. At low solutions concentrations there are three distinct stages in the bubble motion: (i) a rapid acceleration, (ii) a maximum velocity value followed by its monotonic decrease, and (iii) attainment of the terminal velocity, while at high concentrations (and in pure water) there are only stages (i) and (iii). It is showed that the bubble terminal velocity decreases rapidly at low surfactant concentration, but there can be found some characteristic concentrations (adsorption coverage's) above which the velocity almost stopped to decrease. Immobilization of the bubble surface resulting from adsorption of the surface active substances (surface tension gradients inducement) causes over twofold lowering of the bubble velocity. Presence of the maximum on the local velocity profiles is an indication that a stationary non-uniform distribution of adsorption coverage (needed for immobilization the bubble interface) was not established there. When the rising bubble arrives at liquid/gas interface or liquid/solid interface there can be formed either foam or wetting film or three-phase contact (TPC). It is showed that prior to the foam and/or wetting film formation the bubble colliding with the interfaces can bounce backward and simultaneously its shape pulsates rapidly with a frequency over 1000 Hz. It is rather unexpected that even in the case of the free surface the bubble's shape and consequently its surface area can vary so rapidly. It shows straightforward that on such a rapidly distorted interface the adsorption coverage can be very different from that at equilibrium. This fact should be taken into account more appropriately in the discussion of the mechanism of formation and stabilization of various dispersed systems (e.g. foams, emulsions). Bubble collision with solids and formation of the three-phase contact is a necessary condition for flotation separation. It is rather common understanding that immediate attachment should occur in the case of hydrophobic surface, while there should be no attachment in the case of the hydrophilic ones. It is reported that even in the case of such hydrophobic solid surface as Teflon, the bubble attachment did not need to occur at first collision and in distilled water the bubble can bounce a few times without attachment. Presence of frother facilitates the bubble attachment to hydrophobic solid surface. Time scale of the TPC formation is very short, of an order of single ms. It was observed that presence of a micro-bubble at the solid surface facilitated drastically an attachment of the colliding bubble. Roughness of Teflon surface increases probability of the bubble attachment-most probably-as a result of higher probability of micro- and/or nano-bubbles presence at the solid surface.
Adsorption↗
Serotonin regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis in neonatal and adult astrocytes: comparison to the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol.
Although serotonin regulates synthesis of the neurotrophic factor S-100 beta by astrocytes, its ability to affect nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis has never been examined. We report here that there is a correlation between the effect of serotonin on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content and on NGF content in neonatal astrocytes but not in adult astrocytes. In neonatal striatal astrocytes, serotonin increases both cAMP and NGF, whereas, in neonatal cerebellar astrocytes, serotonin decreases both. The increase in neonatal cortical astrocyte cAMP appeared to be too small (45%) to increase NGF significantly. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased cAMP and NGF in both cortical and striatal astrocytes derived from neonatal rats. In contrast, there was a dissociation between cAMP changes and NGF changes in astrocytes derived from adult rats. Both serotonin and isoproterenol increased cAMP in adult cortical astrocytes, without any effect on NGF content. However, adult striatal astrocytes responded to serotonin with an elevation of both cAMP and NGF, whereas isoproterenol could only enhance cAMP, without affecting NGF. Thus, in neonatal astrocytes, a change of sufficient magnitude in cAMP was correlated with a comparable change in NGF, in response to activation of either serotonergic or beta-adrenergic receptors; in cerebellar astrocytes, the decrease in cAMP was accompanied by a decrease in NGF. In contrast, adult astrocytes were not responsive: Although cAMP changes were large, NGF synthesis was increased only in striatal astrocytes and only in response to serotonin. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:261-267, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PSA-NCAM distinguishes reactive astrocytes in 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra from those in the striatal terminal fields.
6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) causes the appearance of reactive astrocytes not only in the SN but also in the striatal terminal fields, as measured by increased size of the cells and their processes, as well as enhanced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and an epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 19D1. We now demonstrate that polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is induced on reactive astrocytes, as well as on large neurons, on the ipsilateral side of the 6-OHDA-lesioned SN. Colocalization of GFAP and PSA-NCAM was confirmed for reactive astrocytes using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Negligible amounts of PSA-NCAM reactivity were detected contralaterally, although colocalization was noted on astrocytes with sparse, significantly thinner processes. In contrast to the increase of GFAP in the lesioned striatum, few striatal astrocytes expressed PSA-NCAM. In agreement with these results, PSA-NCAM was detected on cultured reactive astrocytes from SN but not reactive striatal astrocytes. Double immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker of dividing cells, and GFAP demonstrated that reactive astrocytes in lesioned SN were PCNA-positive whereas those in striatum were not. Although NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression also increased in the lesioned SN, NG2 was not colocalized with PSA-NCAM, was not expressed on astrocytes, and labeled only oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Our results suggest that PSA-NCAM can act as a marker for reactive astrocytes only at the site of the lesion and not in the terminal fields, probably because it is reexpressed only when astrocytes divide.
Animals↗
Pharmacological properties of cardiovascular histamine H1 receptor binding sites: characterisation with 2-phenylhistamines.
We determined and compared the molecular properties of histamine H1 receptor binding sites in bovine thoracic aorta smooth muscle and guinea pig myocardial membranes from ventricles with saturation and inhibition binding assay, using 3H-mepyramine to label the receptor and specific and selective H1 receptor agonists of the 2-phenylhistamine group as displacers of specific 3H-mepyramine binding. 3H-mepyramine binds in a saturable manner to a homogenous population of binding sites with a K(D) of 5.6 nM and a Bmax of 57 fmol/mg of protein in bovine aorta vascular smooth muscle membranes, whereas in the guinea pig myocardium high and low affinity 3H-mepyramine binding sites exist having the following molecular characteristics: a K(D) of 1.6 nM and a Bmax of 99 fmol/mg of protein (high affinity site) and a K(D) 15.0 nM and a Bmax of 466 fmol/mg of protein (low affinity site). Halogenated 2-phenylhistamines: 2-(3-fluoro-) (2-FPH), 2-(3-trifluoromethyl-) (2-triFMPH), 2-(3-chloro-) (2-CPH), 2-(3-bromo-) (2-BPH) and 2-(3-iodophenyl)histamine (2-IPH), which showed high selectivity and potency for H1 receptors in the functional pharmacological studies, were potent inhibitors of specific radioligand binding in comparison with histamine and parent nonhalogenated 2-phenylhistamine (2-PH). Their rank order of potencies and affinities differ significantly for the vascular and cardiac H1 receptor binding sites: Specific 3H-mepyramine binding to H1 receptors in bovine vascular smooth muscle membranes was displaced in a biphasic manner by 2-(3-fluoro-), 2-(3-trifluoromethyl-), 2-(3-chloro-), 2-(3-bromo-), 2-(3-iodophenyl)histamine and histamine. In guinea pig ventricular myocardium the rank order was 2-(3-iodo-), 2-(3-bromo-), histamine, 2-(3-chloro-), and 2-(3-fluorophenyl)histamine showing better correlation with the lipophilicity of the derivatives than in vascular tissue (order of lipophilicity: 2-triFMPH >2-IPH >2-BPH >2-CPH >2-FPH >>2-PH). Displacement of the radioligand binding to myocardial H1 receptor by the above drugs is (except for 2-(3-fluorophenyl)histamine), better fitted to a two-site model. 2-phenylhistamine, which acted as a moderate agonist in functional studies, displaced the radioligand in a monophasic manner and was the weakest displacer of specific radioligand binding in both model systems (pKi = 5.76--vascular and 5.57--cardiac tissue). The agonistic nature of the halogenated 2-phenylhistamine derivatives was confirmed on the molecular level, since their interaction with the H1 receptor is regulated by guanine nucleotides. GTP (0.1 mM) significantly lowered the affinities of all tested halogenated 2-phenylhistamines and histamine for H1 receptor binding site converting biphasic displacement curves, to monophasic ones, whereas GTP had no effect on the affinity of 2-PH. The results of this study support the conclusions that bovine vascular and guinea pig myocardial histamine H1 receptors differ in their molecular properties. Selective and potent H1 receptor agonists of 2-phenylhistamine class can discriminate between vascular and cardiac receptor.
Animals↗
Neuromonitoring during surgery--a comment.
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Brain↗
Efficiency of the antihypoxic substance sabeluzole in patients with clinically and neurophysiologically evident diabetic polyneuropathy.
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Adult↗
Autonomic system dysfunction in moderate diabetic polyneuropathy assessed by sympathetic skin response and Valsalva index.
30 patients with moderate diabetic polyneuropathy (Stage 2 according to Dyck) were evaluated for autonomic symptoms, sympathetic skin response (SSR) and Valsalva index. Their SSR were compared to a control group of 30 healthy normal subjects. Neuropathy was confirmed by history, clinical examination and nerve conduction measurements. Although our patients had only moderate polyneuropathy autonomic dysfunction was frequent. Two thirds reported autonomic symptoms. Impotence was present in 60% of males. SSR amplitudes were significantly lower in diabetics (changed in 53%, absent in 20%) than in the controls. SSR abnormality correlated to some clinical and electroneurographic signs of neuropathy, suggesting similar affection of sympathetic and somatic fibres. Valsalva index was abnormal in 37% of patients showing no correlation to clinical, electroneurographic or SSR changes.
Adult↗