New advances in the pharmacological management of chronic heart failure.
The management of heart failure has evolved in parallel with advances in the understanding of the disease process. Inotropes and diuretics are used to combat pump failure and fluid overload. While no convincing data has emerged regarding the long-term safety of inotropes, new exciting data concerning the role of diuretics, especially aldactone, has led to a renewed interest in this class of drug therapy. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) were noted to not only affect symptomatology but also decrease mortality by interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Recent research has focused on more complete blockade of the renin-angiotensin system than that achieved with ACE inhibitors alone with the addition of direct angiotensin II receptor blockers. This new class of drugs may become not only a reasonable alternative to ACE inhibitors in patients intolerant of the drug but also a possible addition to ACE inhibitors in the battle to prevent progression of remodelling and disease. beta-blockers are the most exciting new class of drugs used to combat heart failure. They appear not only to combat the remodelling process that occurs in the progression of disease but also other pathological events such as apoptosis and cellular oxidation. New medical therapies currently being investigated include novel agents such as endothelin antagonists, natriuretic peptides, vasopressin antagonists and anticytokine agents--all part of a new era in drug management of heart failure that has evolved with continued advances in the understanding of chronic heart failure (CHF).