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Biomedical subjects

M L Clements

Publications and source records attributed to M L Clements.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparative clonal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from seronegative humans immunized with candidate HIV-1 vaccines.

The lysis of infected host cells by virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is an important factor in host resistance to viral infection. An optimal vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) would elicit virus-specific CTL as well as neutralizing antibodies. The induction by a vaccine of HIV-1-specific CD8+ CTL in humans has not been previously reported. In this study, CTL responses were evaluated in HIV-1-seronegative human volunteers participating in a phase I acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine trial involving a novel vaccine regimen. Volunteers received an initial immunization with a live recombinant vaccinia virus vector carrying the HIV-1 env gene and a subsequent boost with purified env protein. An exceptionally strong env-specific CTL response was detected in one of two vaccine recipients, while modest but significant env-specific CTL activity was present in the second vaccinee. Cloning of the responding CTL gave both CD4+ and CD8+ env-specific CTL clones, permitting a detailed comparison of critical functional properties of these two types of CTL. In particular, the potential antiviral effects of these CTL were evaluated in an in vitro system involving HIV-1 infection of cultures of normal autologous CD4+ lymphoblasts. At extremely low effector-to-target ratios, vaccine-induced CD8+ CTL clones lysed productively infected cells present within these cultures. When tested for lytic activity against target cells expressing the HIV-1 env gene, CD8+ CTL were 3-10-fold more active on a per cell basis than CD4+ CTL. However, when tested against autologous CD4+ lymphoblasts acutely infected with HIV-1, CD4+ clones lysed a much higher fraction of the target cell population than did CD8+ CTL. CD4+ CTL were shown to recognize not only the infected cells within these acutely infected cultures but also noninfected CD4+ T cells that had passively taken up gp120 shed from infected cells and/or free virions. These results were confirmed in studies in which CD4+ lymphoblasts were exposed to recombinant gp120 and used as targets for gp120-specific CD4+ and CD8+ CTL clones. gp120-pulsed, noninfected targets were lysed in an antigen-specific fashion by CD4+ but not CD8+ CTL clones. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that in an in vitro HIV-1 infection, sufficient amounts of gp120 antigen are produced and shed by infected cells to enable uptake by cells that are not yet infected, resulting in the lysis of these noninfected cells by gp120-specific, CD4+ CTL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1992

Vaccination of vaccinia-naive adults with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp160 recombinant vaccinia virus in a blinded, controlled, randomized clinical trial. The AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network.

The safety and immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp160 recombinant vaccinia virus (HIVAC-1e) vaccine was evaluated in vaccinia-naive, healthy adults at low risk for acquiring HIV-1 infection. Volunteers (n = 36) were randomized to receive HIVAC-1e or control vaccinia virus at two dosages by bifurcated needle puncture at 0 and 2 months; 12 HIVAC-1e and 6 control vaccinia virus recipients received either 10(6) or 10(7) pfu/mL at each inoculation. There was no significant difference in lesion size, level of viral replication, or systemic symptoms after vaccination with HIVAC-1e or control vaccinia virus. Of 22 HIVAC-1e recipients with lesion formation, 16 developed low-titer gp160-specific antibody responses detectable by Western blot. The peak response occurred between days 70 and 120 and was still detectable at day 365 in 9 of 18 vaccinees. gp160-specific lymphoproliferative responses were detected in 5 of 10 vaccinees. Vaccination with HIVAC-1e was safe in vaccinia-naive, healthy adults and could induce both humoral and cell-mediated gp160-specific immune responses.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1992

Reduced infectivity of cold-adapted influenza A H1N1 viruses in the elderly: correlation with serum and local antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To compare young and elderly adults in terms of their immune responses and rates of infection following intranasal vaccination with a live attenuated influenza virus. DESIGN: Time series, comparing outcomes in young and elderly convenience sample. METHOD: Retrospective laboratory analysis of serum and nasal wash specimens collected during prior studies in which young or elderly volunteers had been inoculated with cold-adapted influenza A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) reassortant virus. SETTING: Johns Hopkins Center for Immunization Research. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy young and elderly adults with pre-vaccination serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers less than or equal to 1:8. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Antibody responses in serum and nasal washes. MAIN RESULTS: The proportion of vaccinees who developed any serum or local antibody response was higher in young compared with elderly subjects (20/20 vs 5/14, P less than 0.0005). Resistance to infection with cold-adapted virus correlated with pre-vaccination levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), serum IgA, and nasal wash IgA antibody to whole virus antigen. Age was highly correlated with a lack of response to vaccine by simple regression, but not when data were adjusted for pre-existing antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS: Cold-adapted reassortant influenza A H1N1 viruses achieve lower rates of infection in elderly than young adults, primarily due to age-related differences in preexisting levels of immunity which may not be reflected by HAI titer.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1992

Use of single-gene reassortant viruses to study the role of avian influenza A virus genes in attenuation of wild-type human influenza A virus for squirrel monkeys and adult human volunteers.

The transfer of six internal RNA segments from the avian influenza A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2) virus reproducibly attenuates human influenza A viruses for squirrel monkeys and adult humans. To identify the avian influenza A virus genes that specify the attenuation and host range restriction of avian-human (ah) influenza A reassortant viruses (referred to as ah reassortants), we isolated six single-gene reassortant viruses (SGRs), each having a single internal RNA segment of the influenza A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 virus and seven RNA segments from the human influenza A/Los Angeles/2/87 (H3N2) wild-type virus. To assess the level of attenuation, we compared each SGR with the A/Los Angeles/2/87 wild-type virus and a 6-2 gene ah reassortant (having six internal RNA segments from the avian influenza A virus parent and two genes encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins from the wild-type human influenza A virus) for the ability to replicate in seronegative squirrel monkeys and adult human volunteers. In monkeys and humans, replication of the 6-2 gene ah reassortant was highly restricted. In humans, the NS, M, PB2, and PB1 SGRs each replicated significantly less efficiently (P less than 0.05) than the wild-type human influenza A virus parent, suggesting that each of these genes contributes to the attenuation phenotype. In monkeys, only the NP, PB2, and possibly the M genes contributed to the attenuation phenotype. These discordant observations, particularly with regard to the NP SGR, indicate that not all genetic determinants of attenuation of influenza A viruses for humans can be identified during studies of SGRs conducted with monkeys. The PB2 and M SGRs that were attenuated in humans each exhibited a new phenotype that was not observed for either parental virus. Thus, it was not possible to determine whether avian influenza virus PB2 or M gene itself or a specific constellation of avian and human influenza A virus specified restriction of virus replication in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of different approaches to measuring influenza A virus-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in the presence of serum inhibitors.

The A/Los Angeles/2/87 (H3N2) (A/LA/2/87) virus is sensitive to inhibitors of hemagglutination present in certain human sera. It was found that the effect of these inhibitors could be removed by treating sera with high-concentration receptor-destroying enzyme or trypsin-periodate or by using inhibitor-resistant viruses in the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. Inhibitor-resistant viruses were not effective for detecting rises in antibody titers in the sera of volunteers infected with the A/LA/2/87 wild-type virus, while rises in antibody titer were readily detected in sera treated with trypsin-periodate and tested against A/LA/2/87 wild-type virus in an HAI test. It is therefore suggested that chemical or enzymatic methods be used to inactivate serum inhibitors and that standard virus be used in the HAI test for the currently circulating H3N2 viruses.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of a live attenuated, cold-adapted parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine in children.

Cold passage 18 (CP18) parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 95 infants and young children. None of 19 seropositive older children 41 to 124 months old became infected when 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of vaccine virus was administered intranasally. Two of nine and seven of twenty-four young seropositive children given 10(5) or 10(6) TCID50 of CP18 PIV-3, respectively, became infected. Each of four seronegative young children became infected, as indicated by virus shedding and antibody response, when given 10(6) TCID50 of CP18 PIV-3 intranasally. Illness was not observed in seropositive children. Two of the four seronegative children developed a mild illness characterized by rhinorrhea and wheezing on auscultation; none had fever. In one case, vaccine virus spread from a vaccine to a sibling control but did not cause illness. The vaccine is attenuated relative to wild-type PIV-3, but additional attenuation will be required to achieve a satisfactory PIV-3 vaccine.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Cell-mediated immune responses of adults to vaccination, challenge with Rickettsia rickettsii, or both.

As a part of a study to evaluate a formalin-killed Rickettsia rickettsii vaccine, lymphoproliferative (LT) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test responses to killed R. rickettsii were measured as correlates of cell-mediated immunity in volunteers who were vaccinated, challenged with R. rickettsii, or both. We detected LT responses in 26 (51%) of 51 volunteers after vaccination. After challenge, six of six unvaccinated volunteers and 12 of 16 vaccinated volunteers developed Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF); all 22 mounted LT responses. The vaccinated individuals developed LT responses of greater magnitude and 1-2 weeks earlier than unimmunized controls (41,049 versus 15,084 mean net counts per minute [cpm]), suggesting that vaccination primed the cellular immune system. Moreover, development of LT responses postvaccination was associated with the amelioration of RMSF, as indicated by a slightly longer mean incubation period (328 hr versus 302 hr) and a shorter illness (19 hr versus 26 hr) in LT responders than in LT nonresponders. However, the postvaccination LT response did not discriminate between vaccinated individuals who resisted challenge and those who did not. Skin tests using killed R. rickettsii as antigen, performed in volunteers 14-17 months postvaccination or 12-15 months after challenge, revealed a weak but significant reaction in 50% of those who had received vaccine only, and a moderately strong reaction in all vaccinated and unvaccinated volunteers who had been challenged with R. rickettsii. The relationships between induction of protective immunity against intracellular bacteria by killed and replicating organisms and LT and DTH responses are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The safety and immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinant gp160 candidate vaccine in humans. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinant envelope glycoprotein (rgp 160) candidate vaccine in humans. SUBJECTS: Healthy adults (72) who were seronegative for HIV-1 were randomly assigned to one of four groups. INTERVENTIONS: The subjects were randomly assigned to receive 40 or 80 micrograms of rgp 160, 10 micrograms of hepatitis B vaccine, or placebo in three doses (on days 0, 30, and 180), with an elective, nonblinded administration of a fourth dose on day 540. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neither clinical nor laboratory toxicity was encountered during a follow-up period exceeding 21 months. No effect of immunization was noted on lymphocyte counts, mitogenic responses, or delayed-type hypersensitivity. Serum antibody responses to HIV envelope proteins detected by Western blot were seen in 30 of 33 subjects (91%; 95% CI, 71% to 97%) receiving either 40- or 80-micrograms doses of rgp160 and were most commonly of weakly reactive intensity. Responses were first noted by Western blot after the second dose. They markedly increased in frequency after the third dose and declined over the next 12 to 18 months. The administration of a fourth dose resulted in homologous neutralizing activity in sera from 5 to 24 subjects (21%; CI, 7% to 37%) as well as in complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement in sera from 6 of 24 subjects (25%; CI, 10% to 42%). Antibody responses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) less frequently than by Western blot, and these responses persisted for a shorter time. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of rgp160 was well tolerated and safe, resulted in a high rate of antibody response by Western blot after the administration of the third and fourth doses, and generated serum neutralizing activity and complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement in some subjects after the fourth dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparative safety and immunogenicity of yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccines containing S and pre-S2 + S antigens.

One hundred and four healthy, hepatitis B virus (HBV) seronegative males were enrolled in a single blind, randomized pilot study to compare antibody and clinical responses to a yeast recombinant pre-S2 + S vaccine and a yeast recombinant S antigen vaccine (Recombivax HBR). Participants received either a 12, 24 or 48 micrograms dose of pre-S2 + S vaccine (with a 1:5 ratio by weight of pre-S2 and S antigens) or a 10 micrograms dose of Recombivax HBR by intramuscular injection at 0, 1 and 6 months; their serological and biochemical responses were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 months, while their clinical responses were monitored for 5 days after each injection. The proportion of vaccines with minor local or systemic complaints (mainly sore arm, malaise, myalgia, fatigue) and the proportion developing antibody to surface antigen (anti-HBs) were similar for all vaccine groups. Transient elevations in alanine aminotransferase occurred infrequently. By 7 months almost all vaccinees developed anti-HBs, but titres were generally higher among recipients of pre-S2 + S vaccine. Antibody to pre-S2 antigen developed in 70-75% by 2 months and in 91-96% by 7 months. These data imply that the recombinant yeast pre-S2 + S vaccine is as well tolerated and as immunogenic as Recombivax HBR. Further studies are being conducted to assess antibody responses in larger numbers of healthy adults as well as in special populations with sub-optimal responses to currently licensed hepatitis B vaccines.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza B/Ann Arbor/1/86 reassortant virus vaccine in infants and children.

A cold-adapted (ca) influenza B reassortant vaccine consisting of two genes encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from wild-type influenza B/Ann Arbor/1/86 virus and the six internal RNA segments from influenza B/Ann Arbor/1/66 ca virus was evaluated in 18 seropositive and 57 seronegative infants and children. The ca reassortant was infectious in seronegative vaccinees, with an estimated 50% human infectious dose of 10(2.5) TCID50. Nasal wash specimens from vaccinees retained the temperature-sensitive phenotype, indicating that the virus was phenotypically stable after replication in fully susceptible children. The vaccine was highly immunogenic in the seronegative vaccinees; 54% of the seropositive vaccinees also developed an increase in serum antibody. The ca vaccine was well tolerated, with only a mild increase in upper respiratory tract symptoms seen in the seronegative vaccinees. These studies indicate that the B/Ann Arbor/1/86 ca reassortant is safe, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable in infants and children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

The A/Mallard/6750/78 avian-human, but not the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-adapted, influenza A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) reassortant virus vaccine retains partial virulence for infants and children.

Characteristics of avian-human (ah) and cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Kawasaki/9/86 (H1N1) reassortant vaccine viruses were compared in 37 seronegative adults and 122 seronegative infants and children. The 50% human infectious dose (HID50) in infants and children was 10(2.9) and 10(2.6) TCID50 for the ah and ca vaccine, respectively. The ah influenza A/Kawasaki/9/86 reassortant was reactogenic: 24% of infants and children infected with greater than or equal to 100 HID50 had fever greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Since H3N2 ah vaccines were previously shown to be adequately attenuated, it is reasonable to suggest that the genes that code for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the H1N1 virus apparently influence the reactogenicity of reassortant viruses derived from the avian influenza A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 donor virus. Because this avian virus does not reproducibly confer a satisfactory level of attenuation to each subtype of influenza A virus, it is not a suitable donor virus for attenuation of wild-type influenza viruses. In contrast, the ca A/Ann Arbor/6/60 donor virus reliably confers attenuation characteristics to a variety of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Safety and immunogenicity of human rotavirus vaccine strain M37 in adults, children, and infants.

Rotavirus vaccine strain M37 (serotype 1), recovered from the stool of an asymptomatic newborn infant and serially passaged in cell culture, was given orally to adults, children, and infants. Serologic responses were detected by neutralization assay or EIA in 59% of 17 adults (10(5)-pfu dose), 55%-60% of 21 infants and children (10(4)-pfu dose), and 70% of 10 infants (10(5)-pfu dose), vaccine virus was shed by 24%, 20%-36%, and 70%, respectively. In adults, neutralizing antibody rises to strain M37 and the related serotype 1 strain Wa occurred with equal frequency (41% vs. 47%). In pediatric subjects, the former were more frequent (36%-40%) than the latter (10%-18%). This was also true of 8 infants who received two doses of vaccine. Mild gastrointestinal illnesses occurred with equal frequency in pediatric subjects who received vaccine or placebo. Thus, strain M37 was well tolerated and immunogenic in young infants, but elicited primarily vaccine-strain-specific rather than serotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

In elderly persons live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines do not offer an advantage over inactivated virus vaccine in inducing serum or secretory antibodies or local immunologic memory.

In a double-blind, randomized trial, 102 healthy elderly subjects were inoculated with one of four preparations: (i) intranasal bivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine containing cold-adapted A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) and cold-adapted A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) viruses; (ii) parenteral trivalent inactivated subvirion vaccine containing A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1), A/Leningrad/86 (H3N2), and B/Ann Arbor/86 antigens; (iii) both vaccines; or (iv) placebo. To determine whether local or systemic immunization augmented mucosal immunologic memory, all volunteers were challenged intranasally 12 weeks later with the inactivated virus vaccine. We used a hemagglutination inhibition assay to measure antibodies in sera and a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in sera and nasal washes, respectively. In comparison with the live virus vaccine, the inactivated virus vaccine elicited higher and more frequent rises of serum antibodies, while nasal wash antibody responses were similar. The vaccine combination induced serum and local antibodies slightly more often than the inactivated vaccine alone did. Coadministration of live influenza A virus vaccine did not alter the serum antibody response to the influenza B virus component of the inactivated vaccine. The anamnestic nasal antibody response elicited by intranasal inactivated virus challenge did not differ in the live, inactivated, or combined vaccine groups from that observed in the placebo group not previously immunized. These results suggest that in elderly persons cold-adapted influenza A virus vaccines offer little advantage over inactivated virus vaccines in terms of inducing serum or secretory antibody or local immunological memory. Studies are needed to determine whether both vaccines in combination are more efficacious than inactivated vaccine alone in people in this age group.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of bovine, cold-adapted human, and wild-type human parainfluenza type 3 viruses in adult volunteers and in chimpanzees.

In an attempt to evaluate the level of attenuation of live parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3) vaccine candidates, we compared the responses of partially immune adult volunteers inoculated intranasally with 10(6) to 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of bovine PIV3 (n = 18) or cold-adapted (ca) PIV3 (n = 37) with those of 28 adults administered 10(6) to 10(7) TCID50 of wild-type PIV3. The candidate vaccine viruses and the wild-type virus were avirulent and poorly infectious for these adults even though all of them had a low level of nasal antibodies to PIV3. To determine whether the ca PIV3 was attenuated, we then administered 10(4) TCID50 of ca PIV3 (cold-passage 12) or wild-type PIV3 intranasally and intratracheally to two fully susceptible chimpanzees, respectively, and challenged the four primates with wild-type virus 1 month later. Compared with wild-type virus, which caused upper respiratory tract illness, the ca PIV3 was highly attenuated and manifested a 500-fold reduction in virus replication in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of the two immunized animals. Despite restriction of virus replication, infection with ca PIV3 conferred a high level of protective immunity against challenge with wild-type virus. The ca PIV3 which had been passaged 12 times at 20 degrees C did not retain its ts phenotype. These findings indicate that ca PIV3 may be a promising vaccine candidate for human beings if a passage level can be identified that is genetically stable, satisfactorily attenuated, and immunogenic.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Induction of CD4+ human cytolytic T cells specific for HIV-infected cells by a gp160 subunit vaccine.

Cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were evaluated in humans immunized with recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp160. Some vaccinees had gp160-specific CTLs that were shown by cloning to be CD4+. Although induced by exogenous antigen, most gp160-specific CTL clones also recognized gp160 synthesized endogenously in target cells. These clones lysed autologous CD4+ T lymphoblasts infected with HIV. Of particular interest were certain vaccine-induced clones that lysed HIV-infected cells, recognized gp160 from diverse HIV isolates, and did not participate in "innocent bystander" killing of noninfected CD4+ T cells that had bound gp120.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial. Chilean Typhoid Committee.

Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in many areas of the world and an effective, non-reactogenic vaccine would be useful to control this disease. An attenuated Salmonella typhi strain (Ty21a), which has shown promise in previous trials, was evaluated in a controlled field trial in Santiago, Chile. In this trial, 82,543 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to receive one or two doses of Ty21a vaccine in enteric-coated capsules or placebo. The enteric-coated vaccine formulation was well tolerated and practical for mass oral immunization. In the first two years of surveillance, 213 cases of bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever were found in schoolchildren participating in the trial; annual rates in the placebo group were 139 and 227 per 100,000. Vaccine efficacy in the first two years after vaccination was 59% for two doses and 29% for one dose; no efficacy was found 3-5 years after vaccination. These results indicate that it will be necessary to identify a vaccine formulation and schedule for Ty21a S. typhi that is practical and provides high level protection for greater than 2 years.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of serum antibody responses to recombinant HIV-1 gp160 vaccine by enzyme immunoassay. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network.

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to measure serum antibody responses of healthy adult volunteers vaccinated with 40 or 80 micrograms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinant gp160 (rgp160) vaccine at 0, 1, 6, and 18 months. This assay, which used purified rgp160 as antigen, was compared with the Biotech/Du Pont HIV-1 Western blot and the Abbott HIV-1 EIA. Of 33 volunteers who received three doses of rgp160 vaccine, seroresponses were detected in 91% by rgp160 EIA, 97% by Western blot, and 30% by HIV-1 EIA. The level of IgG rgp160 EIA antibody (mainly IgG1) peaked after the third immunization; 64% of 33 vaccinees still had detectable antibody by 12 months. The fourth immunization induced anamnestic IgG EIA antibody in 23 of 24 vaccinees, with titers ranging from 1:200 to 1:25,600. Neutralizing antibody was not detected in postvaccination sera by microtiter syncytium formation inhibition assay. Additional testing of sera by EIA indicated that the immune response to the vaccine was directed toward epitopes on both gp120 and gp41. Seroresponses to the immunodominant epitopes on gp41 were infrequent and none were detected to the neutralization epitope in the V3 region of gp120. This highly sensitive EIA is useful for characterizing HIV-1-specific antibody responses induced by an HIV-1 gp160 subunit vaccine.

Adult↗