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Biomedical subjects

M L Riese

Publications and source records attributed to M L Riese.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Discordant and nondiscordant twins: comparative multimethod risk assessment in the neonatal period.

Full-term neonate twins from weight-discordant pairs were compared with nondiscordant pairs on perinatal variables, minor physical anomalies, developmental status, and temperament/interactive measures. For perinatal variables, twins from the top quartile of discordance were found to be at higher risk than other twins. Both the total group of discordant twins and twins with the most extreme discordance had higher weighted minor physical anomaly scores, more minor physical anomalies, and lower developmental status scores than nondiscordant twins. For temperament, twins in the extreme discordant group were more active while awake than twins in the nondiscordant group. The results are discussed in relation to expected group differences in perinatal measures, the timing during gestation of insults related to discordance and minor physical anomalies, and the significance of behavioral differences between cotwins versus between groups. Implications for developmental risk for both twins from discordant pairs are discussed.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2000

Prenatal cocaine exposure and prematurity: neurodevelopmental growth.

The consequences of prematurity and prenatal cocaine exposure on early neurobehavior and physical growth were examined longitudinally in a sample of 20 cocaine-exposed and 20 non-exposed preterm neonates. The magnitude of the difference in physical growth acceleration related to prenatal cocaine exposure increased with increasing birth gestational age, whereas growth rate differences in irritability decreased. In contrast, prenatal cocaine exposure, independent of prematurity, was related to reduced attention skills at 36 weeks conceptional age and increased rates of neurobehavioral change. The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure differed with respect to the degree of prematurity, depending on the nature of the outcome examined, suggesting differing windows of vulnerability for different outcome domains. The usefulness of a developmental growth perspective was demonstrated.

Arousal↗
PubMed1999

Effects of chorion type on neonatal temperament differences in monozygotic twin pairs.

Monozygotic (MZ) twins with a known chorion type were assessed in the neonatal period to determine if placentation was related to twin similarity in early temperament development. The sample included 48 pairs with monochorionic placentas and 29 pairs with dichorionic placentas. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity while awake, activity during sleep, reactivity, and reinforcement value. There were no differences between the monochorionic and the dichorionic twins in any of the temperament ratings. Chorion type was not related to cotwin similarity on any of the temperament ratings. It was concluded that differences in prenatal environment reflected in placentation type did not affect early temperament for MZ twins.

Chorion↗
PubMed1998

Predicting infant temperament from neonatal reactivity for AGA/SGA twin pairs.

The predictive relation between neonatal reactivity and 12-, 18-, and 24-month temperament was assessed for 22 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA)/small-for-gestational-age (SGA) twin pairs. Neonatal reactivity included ratings of visual and auditory orienting responses to a bull's-eye, rattle, bell, voice, and face plus voice combined, as well as alertness. Infant temperament ratings were made of emotional tone, activity, attentiveness, and social orientation to staff during age-appropriate activities in the laboratory. There were no group differences in the neonatal or infant ratings. For AGA twins, a pattern of predictive correlations was obtained between neonatal reactivity and temperament at each age. A similar predictive pattern was not observed for the SGA twins. Group differences in rates of maturation related to stresses associated with intrauterine growth retardation influenced the significance of the neonatal variables for later temperament development.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Temperament development to 30 months of age in discordant twin pairs.

Twins within pairs often have different weights at birth. A difference of 15% or greater is defined as discordance for weight and is considered to place one or both infants at risk. Temperature differences had been found in the neonatal period for fullterm discordant cotwins, but not for preterm discordant cotwins, suggesting that continued gestation for discordant twins was a risk variable for early behavior. 30 pairs of fullterm and 17 pairs of preterm discordant pairs were followed at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of age. Group differences were observed for the longitudinal maintenance of cotwin discordance in physical measures, with preterm cotwins becoming more like each other. In laboratory assessments, temperament differences no longer were observed between the larger and smaller cotwins. Questionnaires indicated that mothers generally did not differentiate between their larger and smaller cotwin children in temperament ratings, except for ratings of mood for the fullterm pairs. Thus, emotionality was the only temperament dimension that differentiated between the fullterm discordant twins both in the neonatal period and at later ages. In the main, it was concluded that the fullterm discordant twins overcame the adverse in-utero influences on early behavioral development.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Mothers' ratings of infant temperament: relation to neonatal latency to soothe by pacifier.

Latency to soothe by a pacifier in the neonatal period was assessed for 107 full-term infants. When the infants were 9 and 12 months old, their mothers rated their temperament on standardized questionnaires. Correlations were computed between the neonatal latencies to soothe and the temperament ratings. When compared with neonates who soothed more quickly, neonates who took longer to soothe were likely to be rated at 9 months as more active, more rhythmic, more approachful to new situations, and more adaptable; and at 12 months as more approachful, more pleasant in mood, and more The results are discussed in terms of developmental stages and individual variability in maturation, a shared underlying dimension of behavior for motor activity and emotionality, and a link across time between objective ratings of behavior and maternal views of infant temperament.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Discordant twin pairs: the relation between gestational age and neonatal temperament differences in cotwins.

Temperament differences between cotwins at least 15% discordant for birth-weight were compared for a group of 66 preterm twin pairs and a group of 70 fullterm twin pairs, assessed in the neonatal period. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity, reactivity, and reinforcement value. For the most part, significant differences were not obtained between discordant preterm cotwins. Previous research [10] had demonstrated that the larger fullterm twin of discordant pairs was more irritable, more difficult to soothe, more active while awake and during sleep, less reactive to visual and auditory stimuli, and less reinforcing to the examiner than the smaller cotwin. It was concluded that, for the behavioral variables measured, the fullterm group is at higher risk than the preterm group, and that both the lighter and the heavier discordant twins displayed signs of early behavioral risk. The findings suggested that the continued gestation for cotwins discordant in weight may be a risk period for early temperament development of the twins.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1994

Neonatal temperament in full-term twin pairs discordant for birth weight.

To examine the significance of relative birth weight of cotwins for neonatal temperament, 70 pairs of full-term twins who were at least 15% discordant for birth weight were assessed. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity, reactivity, and reinforcement value. The larger twin of the pair was more irritable, more difficult to soothe, more active while awake, more active during sleep, less reactive to visual and auditory stimuli, and less reinforcing to the examiner than the smaller cotwin. Both the lighter and heavier cotwins exhibited behavioral discrepancies. The results are discussed in relation to prenatal influences on early behavioral development, and implications for differential parent-infant interaction with each twin.

Arousal↗
PubMed1993

Size for gestational age and neonatal sleep variables: behavioral indices of risk in fullterm twins.

Neonatal sleep behaviors and behavioral state cycling were observed for 20 pairs of same-sex, fullterm twins in which one twin of the pair was appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and the other twin was small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Time-sampling recordings were made in active sleep of number and vigor of limb movements, body and head movements, and mouth movements. No group differences were observed for time spent in first active sleep, first quiet sleep, or length of first sleep cycle. Examination of specific behaviors indicated a significantly higher incidence of vigorous limb movements and right hand-to-mouth movements, with a trend for more small limb movements and left hand-to-face movements, for AGA twins when compared with SGA twins. SGA twins had significantly more spontaneous smiles and a trend for spontaneous startles than AGA twins. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that a composite of the variables smile, large limb movement, startle, and left hand-to-face significantly discriminated between the two groups, with 90% correct classification of the AGA twins and 75% correct classification of the SGA twins. The results demonstrated the utility of evaluating specific sleep behaviors, rather than state cycling only, to describe differences in neonatal sleep characteristics between AGA and SGA twins.

Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Temperament prediction for neonate twins: relation to size for gestational age in same-sex pairs.

Infants from 22 pairs of appropriate-for-gestational-age/small-for-gestational-age (AGA/SGA) same-sex twins were assessed for temperament stability between the neonatal period and 30 months of age. The evaluation of neonatal temperament included observers' ratings of irritability, resistance to soothing, activity level while awake, activity level during sleep, reactivity, and reinforcement value. At 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months mothers rated their infants' temperament on standardized questionnaires which yielded nine temperament categories: activity level, rhythmicity, approach or withdrawal, adaptability, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, attention span, distractibility, and threshold of responsiveness. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months to assess mental development. The results of longitudinal correlational analyses indicated that, for the AGA infants, there was a pattern of significant predictive relations between the neonatal ratings of temperament and maternal ratings of temperament at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months. The SGA infants did not demonstrate similar behavioral stability from the lying-in period up to 30 months of age. Furthermore, for AGA infants there was a consistent trend for both reactivity and neonatal activity during sleep to predict mental development scores between 6 and 30 months. A similar pattern was not observed for the SGA cotwins. The results indicated that temperament stability is an additional area of risk for SGA twins, and that the developmental function of the underlying processes in the neonatal measures is different for AGA and SGA infants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1992

Visual and auditory orienting responses in preterm infants: a comparison of three cohorts over time.

Visual and auditory orienting responses were compared in three cohorts of preterm infants (N = 351) born between 1977 and 1987. The infants were divided into one group born between 25 and 34 weeks gestational age (n = 140) and one group born between 35 and 37 weeks gestational age (n = 211). Ratings were made of the infants' best orienting responses to a bull's-eye, rattle, bell, voice, and face plus voice combined. Analyses of covariance were computed to adjust for changes in perinatal variables between 1977 and 1987. For both groups, there were significant differences between cohorts on orienting to the bull's-eye, with a trend for the 25- to 34-week group on orienting to the rattle. Behavioral outcome for preterm infants has improved with changes in neonatal intensive care.

Arousal↗
PubMed1990

Genetic influences on neonatal temperament.

The genetic contribution to temperament was assessed during the neonatal period in 172 newborn infants from 47 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 39 pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins. Zygosity was not related to the neonatal temperament variables. Examination of the scores for twin concordance indicated significant within-pair concordance in temperament ratings, but MZ twins were not more like each other than DZ twins. The results suggested that neonatal temperament was influenced by environmental factors. Further analyses indicated that neonatal temperament was influenced by perinatal variables such as birth weight, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, and number of days spent in the hospital. It was concluded that there was no clear pattern of genetic influence on neonatal temperament, and that nonshared environmental factors were an important source of variance for temperament during this period.

Environment↗
PubMed1990

Neonatal temperament in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs.

To determine if neonatal temperament was influenced by genetic factors, temperament was assessed in 316 newborn twins from 47 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins, 39 pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 72 pairs of opposite-sex dizygotic twins. The neonatal assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity level, reactivity, and reinforcement value. Examination of intraclass correlations for MZ and DZ twins and the results of model-fitting analyses indicated that heritability estimates for neonatal temperament were not significantly different from zero, and that there was substantial environmental influence on neonatal temperament. Specific perinatal indicators of risk were found to account for some of the intrapair differences observed for the behavioral variables. It was concluded that there is no clear pattern of genetic influence on temperament in the neonatal period.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

Maternal alcohol and pentazocine abuse: neonatal behavior and morphology in an opposite-sex twin pair.

A pair of preterm, opposite-sex twins were examined during the lying-in period for behavioral and morphological effects of maternal alcohol and pentazocine abuse during pregnancy. A few morphological features typical of fetal alcohol syndrome were observed in each infant, and the male infant only was above the standardized mean in minor physical anomalies. The male's behavioral scores were more likely to be deviant from the standardized mean than the female's. Specifically, the male was more irritable, both spontaneously and in response to specific stimuli; highly active while awake and handled for the presentation of stimuli; more active than average during sleep; and low on ratings that reflect the attitude of the examiner toward the infant. These findings imply individual and gender differences in behavioral susceptibility to teratogens.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1988

Temperament and neonatal risk in full-term and preterm combined vaginal/cesarean section twin pairs.

Ten pairs of full-term and 8 pairs of preterm twins from combined vaginal and Cesarean section deliveries were evaluated on measures of neonatal temperament, developmental status, and integrity to determine if the Cesarean-delivered infant was compromised relative to its vaginally-delivered twin. There were no significant differences, within groups, between the vaginal and Cesarean section infants on measures of risk and developmental status. Analyses of variance of paired comparisons performed on the temperament measures indicated that, for the full-term group, there were no significant differences in ratings between vaginally and Cesarean-delivered infants. In contrast, preterm infants delivered by Cesarean section were more active during sleep than their vaginally-delivered cotwins. This finding, together with previous findings demonstrating a relation between this measure and temperament at 9, 18, and 24 months of age, suggested that the preterm Cesarean-delivered infant may be at risk in this area when compared with its twin. In the main, however, the results demonstrated that infants born by Cesarean section following vaginal delivery of their twins were not more compromised than their twin siblings.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1988

Temperament in full-term and preterm infants: stability over ages 6 to 24 months.

Temperament stability over successive ages in the first 2 years of life was evaluated for 109 full-term and 81 preterm infants who were assessed at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. At each age, the infant was engaged in a series of age-appropriate vignettes in the laboratory, using a structured sequence of activities. Ratings were made of emotional tone, attentiveness, activity, and orientation to staff. Correlations indicated that, for full-term infants, there was significant stability across ages (6 to 9 months, 9 to 12 months, 12 to 18 months, and 18 to 24 months) for all variables. For preterm infants, stability across ages generally was not observed until later infancy, or was sporadic. The findings indicated that, for full-term infants, stable aspects of temperament were apparent during the first year of life. In contrast, individual differences were not as clearly defined for preterm infants until later ages.

Child Development↗
PubMed1986

Implications of sex differences in neonatal temperament for early risk and developmental/environmental interactions.

Sex differences in neonatal temperament were examined in 30 pairs of full-term, opposite-sex twins. Behavior was assessed during feeding, during sleep, while awake for orienting responses, in response to a stressor, and for measures of spontaneous irritability and soothability. Composite and summary scales described irritability, resistance to soothing, reactivity, reinforcement value of the infant's behavior, activity during sleep, and activity while awake. Analyses of variance of paired comparisons performed separately for each behavioral area indicated that female neonates were more irritable and more difficult to soothe than male neonates. The results are discussed in terms of maturational effects on neonatal behavior, implications for infant-caregiver interaction, and their relation to environmental influences on development.

Arousal↗