The use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of refractory overactive bladder.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M Louis Moy.
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Neuromodulation is becoming a part of the clinical armamentarium for treatment ofa variety of lower urinary tract conditions. Its increased usage stems from the needs of patients who have exhausted all other therapeutic options. Currently, neuromodulation may consist of the use of nerve stimulation and injectable therapies. This article concentrates on nerve stimulation.
We present a case of an ulcerated perforation of the bladder caused by a large pelvic hematoma without any direct injury to the bladder in a 71-year-old woman. She developed the hematoma after emergency percutaneous angioplasty and placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump that was complicated by retroperitoneal bleeding from an injured femoral artery. She presented several days later with gross hematuria and right hydroureteronephrosis. Cystoscopy and cystography revealed an extraperitoneal perforation at the right bladder neck. Although conservative management was attempted, the patient eventually required open repair. The perforation had transformed to an intraperitoneal perforation by making a communicating tract through the absorbed hematoma. After debridement and excision of the tract, the bladder perforation was repaired in two layers.
Stress urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition that may have a significant negative impact on a woman's quality of life. With improved awareness and research, new nonsurgical and surgical managements are being developed; noninvasive measures should be considered before invasive treatments. Pelvic floor exercises, biofeedback, and electrical stimulation may be helpful depending on the individual. With the release of duloxetine, the first FDA-approved medication for stress urinary incontinence, pharmacologic therapy (which has not had a significant role in stress urinary incontinence) will gain more attention. Surgical treatments have become minimally invasive with good efficacy. Overall, as the understanding of the pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence evolves, so will management of this disease state.