Given the nursing shortage, is mandatory overtime a necessary evil?
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
M M Calarco
Publications and source records attributed to M M Calarco.
Effects of recent and past major depression and distress on self-concept and coping.
The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (J. C. Coyne & M. M. Calarco, 1995) was used to examine how primary care and psychiatric outpatients with recent or past major depression appraised their prospects and structured their lives. They were compared with nondistressed and distressed primary care patients. Both depressed groups scored higher than the nondistressed patients for Lack of Energy, Management of Burden on Others, Need to Maintain a Balance in Life, Fear of Taking Risks, Imposition of Limitations on Life, and Sense of Stigma. The distressed group fell between the depressed psychiatric and the nondistressed groups, and generally did not differ from the depressed primary care group. Past depression did not explain differences associated with more recent depression and distress. Distress entails a need to manage its effects on others, but depression in psychiatric patients may produce a more profound reorganization of self-concept, relationships, and coping.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effects of the experience of depression: application of focus group and survey methodologies.
The popularity of cognitive theories of depression has not appreciably increased attention to the effects of depression on how its sufferers subsequently think about themselves and structure their lives. As a first step in a program of systematic research, we recruited recent and former depressed psychiatric patients to participate in focus group discussions of their experience of depression and how it has affected them. Statements elicited in two focus groups were classified into eight categories: lack of energy and the loss of self-efficacy, fear of recurrence, fear of taking risks, inability to trust oneself, self-presentation and concealment, concern about being a burden to others, secondary guilt about having been depressed, and reduced involvement in interpersonal relationships. These results were then used as the basis for the construction of a survey instrument, the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), and strong differences were found between recently recovered depressed women and a sample of women without a history of depression. Taken together, results of the focus groups and the survey study support the utility of a limited "sick role" for recovering depressed persons.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
An integrated nursing model of depressive behavior in adults. Theory and implications for practice.
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive processes or stimuli associated with a stressor may influence the neurochemical state. In addition, it has been suggested that a person's coping responses may protect him or her from the biologic dysregulations implicated in depression. From a nursing care perspective, the proposed model suggests the following practice components. First, assessment not only should include the symptom profiles of each client but should address both physical and psychosocial stressors. Second, once identified, individualized care needs to incorporate a variety of interventions that focuses on the target components (i.e., cognitive interventions for negative thought patterns, interventions to build interpersonal skills, sleep hygiene principles, pharmacologic interventions, and so forth). Finally, one needs to address how having experienced episodes of depression may influence the client's self-perception and ongoing quality of life. Nurses must begin to understand how the experience of having a depressive episode itself may serve as an ongoing stressor for the client. The factors that maintain depressive behavior and influence recurrence need to be the central focus of mental health nursing from a research and clinical perspective. It is this attention to integration and recurrence that will define nursing's unique contributions to this important area of mental health.
Behavior↗