M M Footo | PubMed Health

PubMed1990

Phonological process decline from 2 1/2 to 8 years.

The phonological development of 145 children between the ages of 2 1/2 and 8 years was examined. Speech was assessed annually using a standardized articulation test and analyzed for the occurrence of both common and uncommon phonological processes. A marked decline in process usage was observed between the ages of 2 1/2 and 4 years and infrequent process usage was observed after the age of 4. Uncommon processes were used infrequently, even at 2 1/2 years. No sex differences were found. Race differences were found with respect to isolated processes.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed1988

Otitis media in early childhood and its relationship to later phonological development.

The relationship between otitis media during the first 3 years of life and subsequent speech development was examined in 55 socioeconomically disadvantaged children who attended a research day-care program. The children were participants in a longitudinal study of child development in which the number of episodes of otitis media and the duration of each otitis episode were reported prospectively from infancy. Standardized tests of speech were administered between the ages of 2 1/2 and 8 years. No significant relationship was found between otitis media in early childhood and number of common phonological processes or consonants in error used during the preschool years. However, the number of days of otitis media before age 3 was associated with the total number of phonological processes used by children between the ages of 4 1/2 and 8 years. Although these findings suggest that phonological processes after age 4 1/2 tend to drop out more slowly for children with a history of otitis media than of children without histories, no consistent patterns were observed for individual phonological processes or for the total number of consonants in error in this age range.

Child↗