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M M Kilbey

Publications and source records attributed to M M Kilbey.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Predicting the emergence and persistence of alcohol dependence in young adults: the role of expectancy and other risk factors.

The relationship of alcohol outcome expectancies and other risk factors: demographic, personality, and affectivity, to alcohol dependence status was examined over a 3.5-year interval in 1,007 young adults. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence was 18.1% at baseline. Of persons classified as current alcohol dependent at baseline, 66.9% experienced remission at the 3.5-year follow-up. Of persons classified as remitted alcohol dependent at baseline, 11.3% were current alcohol dependent at the 3.5-year follow-up. At follow-up, 5% of persons with no history of alcohol dependence at baseline met criteria for current alcohol dependence. Male gender, higher extraversion, and lower positive affect scores predicted emergent current alcohol dependence at the 3.5-year interval. Persistent current alcohol dependence was predicted by the expectation of improved social and sexual experiences following alcohol use. The findings suggest that positive expectancies may be an important factor in persistence of alcohol dependence and that their modification may enhance treatment of alcohol dependence in young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

DSM-III-R nicotine dependence in young adults: prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders.

We describe the epidemiology of nicotine dependence and its association with other substance use and psychiatric disorders. Data came from a random sample of young adults, 21-30 years of age, in the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to ascertain DSM-III-R disorders. Lifetime prevalence of nicotine dependence was 20%. Higher rates were observed in whites, persons with low education and persons who were separated or divorced. Males and females with nicotine dependence had significantly increased odds for alcohol and illicit drug disorders, major depression and one or more anxiety disorder, as compared to non-dependent smokers and non-smokers combined. Among smokers, lifetime prevalence of illicit drug disorders other than marijuana alone, major depression and any anxiety disorder were significantly higher in dependent than non-dependent people. Major depression was associated specifically with nicotine dependence, an association explained in part by neuroticism. This finding suggests that the personality trait of neuroticism might constitute a common predisposition for major depression and nicotine dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Nicotine dependence and major depression. New evidence from a prospective investigation.

We examined prospectively the association between nicotine dependence and major depression (MDD). The following questions were addressed: (1) Are smokers with a history of MDD at increased risk for progression to nicotine dependence and more severe levels of dependence? (2) Are persons with a history of nicotine dependence at increased risk for MDD? A sample of 995 young adults were interviewed in 1989 and reinterviewed in 1990, 14 months later. The revised National Institute of Mental Health-Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to ascertain DSM-III-R nicotine dependence and other substance use and psychiatric disorders. A history of MDD increased the risk for progression to nicotine dependence or more severe levels of dependence (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 3.49). In addition, persons with a history of nicotine dependence had a higher rate of first-incidence MDD during the follow-up period than persons with no history of nicotine dependence (7.5% vs 3.2%; odds ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 5.15). The prospective data suggest that the association between nicotine dependence and MDD, observed previously in cross-sectional studies, might be either causal, with influences flowing in both directions, or, more probably, noncausal, reflecting the effects of common factors that predispose to both disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vulnerability to psychopathology in nicotine-dependent smokers: an epidemiologic study of young adults.

OBJECTIVE: In a previous article the authors reported associations between nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of young adults. Increased lifetime rates of major depression and anxiety disorders were found in persons with DSM-III-R nicotine dependence but not in nondependent smokers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of nicotine dependence with four measures of psychologic vulnerability to nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A randomly chosen group of 1,007 21- to 30-year-old members of a large health maintenance organization were interviewed with the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, revised for DSM-III-R diagnoses. Self-ratings of neuroticism, negative affect, hopelessness, and general emotional distress were obtained. RESULTS: Nicotine dependence, but not nondependent smoking, was associated with higher scores on all four measures of vulnerability to psychopathology. With one exception the associations between nicotine dependence and these psychologic measures remained significant when the variables current smoking status, history of major depression or anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders, race, and level of education were controlled; the association of nicotine dependence with general emotional distress was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroticism and the correlated psychologic vulnerabilities may commonly predispose to nicotine dependence and major depression or anxiety disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cocaine use and dependence in young adults: associated psychiatric disorders and personality traits.

Current and lifetime prevalence of substance use and psychiatric disorders was determined by administering the NIMH-DIS, revised to cover DSM-III-R diagnoses, to a sample of 1007 young adults. Personality and affectivity were measured also. Increased rate of any Substance Use Disorder was related to use of cocaine more than 5 times over the lifetime regardless of whether or not criteria for Cocaine Dependence were met. Increased rate of any Affective Disorder was related to dependence in those who used cocaine more than 5 times. Cocaine use was associated with increased neuroticism, psychoticism and negative affect.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric disorders: findings from an epidemiologic study of young adults.

OBJECTIVE: Earlier, the authors reported on the association of nicotine dependence with major depression and anxiety disorders in a group of young adults. This report describes the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms and their sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates in persons in that group who tried unsuccessfully to abstain from smoking. METHOD: A random sample of 1,007 members of a health maintenance organization, 21-30 years old, were interviewed with a revised version of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Data on nicotine withdrawal came from a subset of 239 smokers who had tried unsuccessfully to quit or cut down on smoking. RESULTS: With two exceptions, each of the DSM-III-R nicotine withdrawal symptoms was reported by more than one-half of these smokers. Withdrawal symptoms were more severe in white than in black smokers but were unrelated to sex, educational level, or marital status. Persons with histories of major depression or any anxiety disorder reported more severe withdrawal symptoms than persons with neither of these disorders. Severity of withdrawal, or any specific symptom, did not account for the association between major depression and continued smoking. Furthermore, severity of withdrawal was unrelated to continued smoking. CONCLUSIONS: While the long-term clinical significance of nicotine withdrawal is unclear, the evidence indicates that in the general population, abstinence from smoking is associated with a variety of disturbances, including a craving for cigarettes, dysphoria, and symptoms of irritability or nervousness. In this study disturbances were more severe in persons with histories of major depression or anxiety disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Association of sleep parameters and memory in intact old rats and young rats with lesions in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

Relations between sleep and memory were examined as a function of aging in rats. Sleep (24 hr), passive avoidance retention, and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity were assessed in 3 age-groups (6, 15, and 24 months old). Age-related alterations were evident in sleep, memory, and cortical and striatal CAT activity. Retention deficits in old rats were significantly correlated with several measures of paradoxical sleep. Similar analyses in 6- and 15-month-old rats with ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) showed several alterations in sleep, memory, and cortical CAT activity comparable to those seen in the old rats. One measure of paradoxical sleep, bout duration, correlated significantly with retention scores in rats with lesions. Thus, fragmented paradoxical sleep accompanies memory impairments in old rats and in young rats with NBM lesions.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Cholinergic effects on arousal and cocaine-induced olfactory-amygdala spindling and seizures in cats.

Effects of intravenous cholinergic and dopaminergic agents on pre-cocaine olfactory bulb (OB) spindling and behavioral arousal, and on cocaine-induced OB-amygdala spindling and behavioral seizures were evaluated in seven cats with stereotaxically implanted electrodes. Spindle data were computer analyzed using a special program for spindle detection and averaging. The number, duration and amplitude of pre-cocaine OB spindles were increased by physostigmine and decreased by atropine. Physostigmine augmented pre-cocaine behavioral arousal levels and this effect was associated with the absence of cocaine seizures. Cocaine-induced amygdala spindle number was increased by physostigmine. Changes in seizure duration following cholinergic drugs suggest cholinergic inhibitory effects. These data, in accord with previous studies showing cholinergic effects on reticulocortical arousal and seizures, suggest a cholinergic mechanism which is excitatory on OB-amygdala arousal spindling and inhibitory on cocaine-induced seizures.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1980

Self-administration of morphine in the cat.

Three experiments investigated morphine dependence in the cat. Psychological dependence was measured by self-administration and physiological dependence by induction of withdrawal signs. The data indicate that cats self-administer significantly more morphine than saline. The pattern of morphine self-administrations in cats resembles that which they and other species develop while self-administering psychomotor stimulants. Additionally, although cats develop psychological dependence on morphine and tolerance to some drug effects, little if any physiological dependence, as measured by signs of spontaneous or precipitated withdrawal, is seen. Thus the cat may provide a model system by which the neurobiological phenomena underlying psychological and physiological dependence on morphine may be separated.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Fundamental mechanisms underlying altered behavior following chronic administration of psychomotor stimulants.

Psychomotor stimulant-induced abnormal behavior in man and experimental animals has provided a model for investigation of the biobehavioral basis of psychosis for the past decade. The altered behavior which occurs with chronic administration of psychomotor stimulants appears to be attributable to five major phenomena: One of these, conditioning, involves a global reorganization whose biological bases are little understood. Alterations reflecting kindling mechanisms represent changes in membrane mechanisms resulting in enhanced propagation of electrical signals. A third mechanism involves adaptation of drug metabolism systems, and the final two involve aminergic neuronal function, i.e., decreased levels of dopamine and possibly alterations in other amine systems and increased number of dopamine receptors. Evidence linking behavioral reorganization as a result of chronic administraton of psychomotor stimulants with these phenomena is presented.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1979

Discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants in the cat.

Cats were trained to choose between two levels or an operant chamber using interoceptive cues provided by d-amphetamine or saline as the discriminative stimuli. Following training, stimulus generalization was observed to additional doses of d-amphetamine and cocaine. but not to morphine. Clozapine blocked the generalization of the drug discrimination response to d-amphetamine, but had no effect on generalization to cocaine. These data indicate that discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants, previously described in rats, are similar in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions in the cat.

Two groups of female cats (6 each) were used: (1) a seizure group which received a minimum convulsive dose (MCD) of cocaine i.v., and (2) a subseizure group which received a subconvulsive dose of cocaine i.v., for 13 successive days. Determination of the MCD across 13 days in the seizure group and on Day 14 in the subseizure group revealed significant tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions. However, reverse tolerance to cocaine-induced abnormal behavior developed as dystonic posture and speed of stereotyped movement increased during the 13-day treatment period in the subseizure group. These data are discussed in terms of local anesthetic and catecholaminergic effects of cocaine, as well as possible differential effects of various routes of administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Behavioral analysis of chronic cocaine intoxication in the cat.

Modification of cocaine's stimulant and local anesthetic behavioral effects as a function of chronic treatment was evaluated in seven female cats. Video tape of behavior pre- and post-cocaine (iv) on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 in seven cats, and in addition, on days 21, 28, and 35 for s subset of four cats, was rated for several scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory for Drug-Generated Effects (BRIDGE), developed to quantify stimulant-induced behaviors. Preseizure events were measured using scales for Tremor Intensity and Preseizure-Seizure Intensity (PSI), developed to quantify local anesthetic-induced behaviors. Behaviors associated with cocaine's local anesthetic effects, i.e., Tremor Intensity and PSI levels, showed tolerance over the treatment period, while behaviors associated with cocaine's psychomotor stimulant effects, i.e., the BRIDGE measures, showed augmentation, or reverse tolerance. These data are discussed in terms of catecholamine supersensitivity, kindling mechanisms, and stimulant models of psychosis.

Amygdala↗